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Contents
Introduction:
The Constituent Elements of Slavery
1 The Idiom of Power
2 Authority, Alienation, and Social Death
3 Honor and Degradation
II Slavery as an Institutional Process
4 Enslavement of "Free" Persons
5 Enslavement by Birth
6 The Acquisition of Slaves
7 The Condition of Slavery
8 Manumission: Its Meaning and Modes
9 The Status of Freed Persons
10 Patterns of Manumission
III The Dialectics of Slavery
11 The Ultimate Slave
12 Slavery as Human Parasitism
Appendix A:
Note on Statistical Methods
Appendix B:
Slaveholding Societies in the Murdock World Sample
Appendix C:
The Large-Scale Slave Systems
Notes
Index
===
Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study, With a New Preface
by Orlando Patterson (Author) Format: Paperback
4.8 4.8 out of 5 stars (124)
Winner of the Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award, American Sociological Association
Co-Winner of the Ralph J. Bunche Award, American Political Science Association
In a work of prodigious scholarship and enormous breadth, which draws on the tribal, ancient, premodern, and modern worlds, Orlando Patterson discusses the internal dynamics of slavery in sixty-six societies over time. These include Greece and Rome, medieval Europe, China, Korea, the Islamic kingdoms, Africa, the Caribbean islands, and the American South.
Praise for the previous edition:
"Densely packed, closely argued, and highly controversial in its dissent from much of the scholarly conventional wisdom about the function and structure of slavery worldwide."
-Boston Globe
"There can be no doubt that this rich and learned book will reinvigorate debates that have tended to become too empirical and specialized. Patterson has helped to set out the direction for the next decades of interdisciplinary scholarship."
-David Brion Davis, New York Review of Books
"This is clearly a major and important work, one which will be widely discussed, cited, and used. I anticipate that it will be considered among the landmarks in the study of slavery, and will be read by historians, sociologists, and anthropologists-as well as many other scholars and students."
-Stanley Engerman
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About the Author
Orlando Patterson is John Cowles Professor of Sociology at Harvard University; the author of Freedom in the Making of Western Culture, which won the National Book Award for Nonfiction, and Slavery and Social Death (Harvard); and the editor of The Cultural Matrix: Understanding Black Youth (Harvard), for which he was awarded the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Lifetime Achievement. His work has been honored by the American Sociological Association and the American Political Science Association, among others, and he is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served as Special Advisor for Social Policy and Development to Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley and was awarded the Order of Distinction by the Government of Jamaica.
Product details
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Publication date : 15 October 2018
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
Print length : 560 pages
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Thomas Wayne Johnson
5.0 out of 5 stars A classic and outstanding study of the issues involved
Reviewed in the United States on 6 March 2021
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
This is a replacement for a copy that I lost in one of the California wildfires. I refer to it frequently and have quoted it in my own writings. Deserves much greater circulation among all who speak of slavery in the world.
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ABC
5.0 out of 5 stars book
Reviewed in Canada on 10 February 2023
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It was a Christmas present for my son. He was delighted.!
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Unit 163
5.0 out of 5 stars Top !
Reviewed in France on 14 March 2025
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
Un livre très intéressant. Il est rassurant de savoir que les humains ont été inhumains partout pendant des siècles. lol
Sérieusement, si vous avez l'âge d'aimer l'histoire, ce livre vaut la peine d'être lu !
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Stephanie
3.0 out of 5 stars Publisher does not include page numbers on kindle release.
Reviewed in Canada on 18 April 2020
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
The content of the book itself is attested to well enough already in other reviews, but I'd like to warn other students who may be picking this book up for research that the kindle publishers chose not to allow page numbers. This is fine if it's for a casual read, but it makes it absolute HELL to cite properly.
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Trey
5.0 out of 5 stars Interesting take on slavery
Reviewed in the United States on 30 December 2021
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Orlando Patterson has obviously done amazing work on slavery. This books really goes in depth on slavery systems all over the world. Slavery was not just a problem in the democratic US south, but all over the world. Additionally, the US Republicans under Abraham Lincoln were some of the earliest forms of government to abolish slavery. Patterson points out that slavery and racism do not go hand in hand. Rather, slavery and social death go hand in hand.
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Lbrook19
5.0 out of 5 stars Great for Research
Reviewed in the United States on 13 December 2012
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This book was an excellent tool that I used for my research project in college. Patterson describes intensely interesting subjects and scales many periods of slavery through common themes! Interesting book! Can't wait to finish it!
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AMANDA J SHACKLEFORD
5.0 out of 5 stars And the “read” goes on
Reviewed in the United States on 6 February 2020
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My dad, the history buff is always trying to expand his knowledge. Your quick delivery and great prices allow me to keep his library stocked. Thanks Amazon.
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Ken
5.0 out of 5 stars Another Patterson masterpiece !!!
Reviewed in the United States on 3 April 2014
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Instructive and enlightening about the deep effects of slavery. All descendants of those who suffered this gruesome and inhumane practice must read this book.
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Sesuwut
5.0 out of 5 stars A great read!
Reviewed in the United States on 28 December 2020
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A great read!
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Ahamd Aliyy
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Reviewed in the United States on 13 January 2015
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Excellently written and researched.
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William D. Hickox
3.0 out of 5 stars Great promise, so-so results
Reviewed in the United States on 24 January 2011
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Patterson's book must be one of the most ambitious studies of slavery ever published. Patterson, a sociology professor, examined dozens of slave cultures across time and place in an effort to determine what tied them all together. He also sought an explanation for why this seemingly inhuman system of bondage, far from being a "peculiar institution," was highly effective and nearly universal throughout history. Patterson's ambition did not end there. His research led him to argue that slavery was an essential element in the growth of democracy and property rights, "the most profoundly cherished ideals and beliefs in the Western tradition." According to Patterson, this was because "those who most denied freedom, as well as those to whom it was most denied, were the very persons most alive to it." To put it bluntly: no slavery, no freedom.
Patterson explains this seeming paradox through the concept of natal alienation and its offspring, social death. Masters asserted their domination by robbing slaves of "ties of birth in both ascending and descending generations," leaving them in a state of natal alienation. Patterson also points to violent coercion, which was a staple of all slave societies. He cites Plato and Judge Thomas Ruffin to show that slaves were disgraced by their acceptance of this treatment, leading to social death in the eyes of humanity. The slave, having no history, family, or dignity, was not considered a person but an extension of his master. Ultimately, Patterson argues, "slavery is the permanent, violent domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons." Slaves, more than they are workers or property, are despised outsiders.
Whatever one may think of Patterson's conclusions, the hard work that led to them cannot be overlooked. His "global analysis of the institution of slavery" relies upon George P. Murdock's 1960s anthropological sample of 186 world cultures, sixty-six of which are identified as slaveholding societies. Patterson gathered information on each culture and built a table of forty-three questions (such as "How was the status of children determined?") in order to identify trends. Whenever a new study of slavery was published, Patterson entered its findings into his burgeoning database. He also drew upon a vast array of sources to determine the proportion of slaves in every major slave society. One is also struck by his wide range of published sources in a variety of languages.
Patterson, having jumped headfirst into the quantitative history trend of the 1970s, criticizes Eugene Genovese's characterization of the antebellum South as precapitalistic by citing the discredited statistical work of Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. Patterson defends his quantitative approach by calling it "a supplementary analytical device." He "fully immersed" himself in published sources in order to achieve an "essentially illustrative and humanistic analysis." Patterson saw statistics as an important complement to traditional history.
Yet Patterson's 111 pages of endnotes do not really convey the sense of fullness he intended. Michael Fellman, in a remarkably scathing review, points out that Patterson quotes far more masters than he does slaves. This is problematic because Patterson's thesis rests as much upon the slave's psychology as it does that of the master. In fact, one searches in vain through his notes for evidence of much in-depth primary source research (which he acknowledges in the preface). Patterson, as shown in this passage, prefers to speak for the slave: "Freedom--life--is a double negation; for his condition is already a negation of life, and the reclamation of that life must therefore be the negation of this negation." (His source appears to be Georg Hegel, who was obviously no slave.) Fellman's charges of "insensitivity to slave culture" and "intellectual pretentiousness" are harsh but understandable.
The dangers of Patterson's generalization approach are evident in his examination of American slavery. To his credit, and as a counterpoint to the large scholarship uncovering and even celebrating slaves' agency, Patterson reminds us that American slavery was no less brutal and restrictive than it was in many other slave societies. But he ignores several aspects of U.S. slavery which set it apart. One of these is the chattel principle. Unlike most theorists, Patterson discounts the importance of slaves as property, arguing that ownership of people is not a remarkable phenomenon. He provocatively equates the sale of a professional athlete to another team with the selling of a slave to another master, conceding that the athlete would feel "amazed and distressed ... to learn that his sale implied anything slavelike about him." And well he should, for the characterization is inapt. An athlete is fined for not fulfilling the terms of his sale; for the slave, punishment is generally far worse. Here, Patterson contradicts himself, having earlier established coercive force as a crucial aspect of slavery.
Patterson's concepts of natal alienation and social death are also not borne out by the evidence of slave life in America. The closing of the international slave trade in 1808 led to a reliance upon slave fertility in order to maintain the bonded population. African-American slaves established large, closely-knit family networks on their own and adjoining farms, and the interactions between masters and slaves in determining the fate of loved ones at the market indicates the strength of these natal ties. The ranking system, in which older and more experienced slaves held authority over the rest, would argue for a thriving social scene, not social death. Indeed, how does social death account for the phenomena of the task system and slave revolts? Masters did not hold all of the cards in the American South, which prompts the American specialist to ask whether they did anywhere else. In attempting to apply his theories to any and all slave societies, Patterson overstretched himself.
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thelma
5.0 out of 5 stars Great!
Reviewed in the United States on 1 October 2011
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I am very happy with this purchase. Clean text, book was in great condition overall. It was fit for the price.
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올랜도 패터슨(Orlando Patterson)의 저작 <노예제와 사회적 죽음: 비교 연구>(Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study)에 대한 요약과 평론입니다. 세진님, 요청하신 조건에 맞추어 나를 향하지 않은 본문 글은 <해라> 체로, 강조의 별표는 < > 기호로 변환하여 작성했습니다.
노예제와 사회적 죽음: 요약과 평론
1. 서론: 노예제 연구의 패러다임을 바꾸다
올랜도 패터슨의 <노예제와 사회적 죽음>(1982)은 노예제라는 인류사적 현상을 경제적·법적 범주에서 벗어나 사회학적, 인류학적 구조로 재정의한 기념비적 역작이다. 기존의 마르크스주의적 시각이나 경제사학적 연구들은 노예제를 주로 <재산으로서의 인간> 혹은 <노동력 착취의 극단적 형태>로 규정해 왔다. 그러나 패터슨은 전 세계 66개 노예제 사회를 종횡으로 비교 분석하며, 노예제의 본질이 단순히 경제적 재산권에 있는 것이 아니라 인간의 존엄성과 사회적 관계성을 완전히 박탈하는 <권력의 폭력적 지배>에 있음을 증명한다. 그는 노예를 <사회적으로 죽은 존재>로 규정하며 노예제의 우주를 관통하는 보편적 속성을 추출해 낸다.
2. 본론: 노예제의 세 가지 핵심 축
패터슨은 노예제를 <출생적으로 소외되고 일반적으로 불명예를 당한 사람들에 대한 영구적이고 폭력적인 지배 관계>로 정의한다. 이 정의는 노예제를 지탱하는 세 가지 구조적 요소로 구체화된다.
첫째는 <폭력과 무조건적 권력(Constituent Elements of Power)>이다. 노예제는 본래 전쟁 포로나 범죄자처럼 <물리적 죽음>을 맞이해야 할 자들에게 잔존 유예를 처분하는 과정에서 출발했다. 따라서 마스터와 노예의 관계는 상호 호혜성이 철저히 배제된, 언제든 물리적 처벌과 처형이 가능한 절대적인 강제력과 폭력에 기반한다.
둘째는 <출생적 소외(Natal Alienation)>이다. 이는 노예가 과거의 조상으로부터 물려받은 혈통, 역사, 문화적 유산뿐만 아니라 미래의 자녀에게 물려줄 친족적 권리까지 완전히 박탈당함을 의미한다. 노예는 부모나 자식 간의 정서적 유대를 가질 수는 있을지언정, 그것을 법적·사회적으로 인정받을 권리가 없다. 즉, 사회적 맥락 안에서 고립되어 오직 마스터의 연장선상으로서만 존재하게 된다.
셋째는 <일반화된 불명예(Generalized Dishonor)>이다. 노예는 사회적으로 아무런 공적 가치나 명예를 가지지 못하는 격하된 존재이다. 패터슨은 헤겔의 주종 변증법을 발전시켜, 마스터가 자신의 사회적 명예와 권력을 극대화하기 위해 노예라는 <철저히 불명예스러운 거울>을 필요로 한다고 분석한다. 노예의 이름이 바뀌고, 머리가 깎이고, 신체에 낙인이 찍히는 의례들은 이 사회적 죽음과 불명예를 가시화하는 상징적 장치들이다.
3. 평론: 패러독스로서의 자유와 노예제의 유산
이 책의 가장 도발적이면서도 뛰어난 통찰은 <노예제와 자유의 상호 관계성>을 다룬 종장이다. 패터슨은 인류가 그토록 갈망하고 서구 문명이 최고의 가치로 치부하는 <자유(Freedom)>라는 개념이 역설적이게도 노예제라는 전대미문의 압제 속에서 탄생했다고 주장한다. 완전히 사회적으로 죽어 있고 타인의 의지에 귀속된 노예의 비참한 상태를 목격함으로써, 비노예층인 자유민들은 비로소 자신들이 누리는 상태가 얼마나 가치 있는 것인지 인지하게 되었고, 이를 <자유>라는 권리로 정식화하기 시작했다는 것이다. 즉, 자유는 노예제의 어두운 그림자가 만들어 낸 산물이다.
또한, 2018년 신판 서문 등에서 재확인되듯 패터슨의 이론은 현대 사회의 구조적 불평등을 이해하는 강력한 렌즈를 제공한다. 인종차별이나 가난으로 인해 주류 사회의 시민권적 권리와 문화적 유산으로부터 소외당하는 현대의 소외 계층 역시 변형된 형태의 <사회적 죽음>을 경험하고 있다는 분석은 이 책이 왜 여전히 고전의 반열에 있는지를 증명한다.
그러나 이 방대한 비교 연구가 지닌 한계도 존재한다. 패터슨은 노예를 철저히 수동적이고 주체성이 소멸된 <사회적 시체>로 묘사하는 경향이 있다. 이로 인해 노예들이 지배 체제 속에서도 자신들만의 종교, 음악, 언어적 저항(예컨대 아프리카계 미국인들의 영가나 독자적 문화 형성)을 통해 주체성을 회복하고 사회적 삶을 재건하려 했던 역동적인 저항의 서사를 다소 간과했다는 비판을 받는다. 그럼에도 불구하고 노예제를 인종이나 단순 경제학을 넘어 인류 보편의 <권력과 명예의 역학>으로 확장했다는 점에서 이 책의 학문적 성취는 독보적이다.
이 책의 핵심인 '사회적 죽음'과 '출생적 소외'의 개념을 시각적으로 명확하게 정리한 자료를 아래에서 확인하실 수 있습니다.
노예제의 3대 구조와 메커니즘
| 핵심 개념 | 구체적 메커니즘 | 사회학적 결과 |
| 폭력과 절대적 권력 | 물리적 처벌, 생사여탈권의 camouflaged(위장된) 위협 | 마스터에 대한 절대적 종속 |
| 출생적 소외 (Natal Alienation) | 성씨 박탈, 가족 해체 및 매매, 과거·미래 유산과의 단절 | 주류 사회에서의 법적·공적 고립 |
| 일반화된 불명예 | 신체 낙인(Branding), 삭발, 이름 변경 의례 | 공적 가치 소멸을 통한 마스터의 명예 극대화 |
올랜도 패터슨의 이 혁신적인 이론과 구조적 분석을 짧은 영상으로 풀어낸 자료도 함께 첨부합니다. 노예가 왜 재산 이전에 사회적으로 거부된 존재인지를 빠르게 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 것입니다.
이 영상은 패터슨이 제시한 66개 사회의 방대한 데이터 중 핵심인 '출생적 소외'와 '사회적 죽음'이 어떻게 노예제의 정의를 바꾸었는지 직관적으로 요약하고 있어 본 평론의 이해를 돕습니다.
궁금한 점이 있거나 특정 챕터의 세부 분석이 더 필요하시면 언제든 말씀해 주세요.
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