Lesley McLachlan
Māori politics:
Māori politics is the politics of the Māori people, who were the original inhabitants of New Zealand and who are now the country's largest minority. Before the arrival of Pākehā (Europeans) in New Zealand, Māori society was based largely around tribal units, and chiefs (rangatira) provided political leadership. With the British settlers of the 19th century came a new British-style government. From the outset, Māori sought representation within this government, seeing it as a vital way to promote their people's rights and improve living standards. Modern Māori politics can be seen as a subset of New Zealand politics in general, but has a number of distinguishing features, including advocacy for indigenous rights and Māori sovereignty. Many Māori politicians are members of major, historically European-dominated political parties, but several Māori parties have been formed.
Contents
1 Pre-colonial Māori governance
2 Māori and colonial politics
3 Māori in mainstream parties
4 Māori parties
4.1 Mana Motuhake
4.2 Mana Māori Movement
4.3 Mana Wahine
4.4 Mauri Pacific
4.5 Te Tawharau
4.6 Piri Wiri Tua
4.7 Māori Party
4.8 Mana Movement
5 Other sites of Māori political participation
6 Māori politicians
7 Terminology used in Māori politics
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
... Mana Movement
The Mana Movement is a New Zealand political party led by Hone Harawira which was formed in April 2011 following Hone Harawira's resignation from the Māori Party. Hone Harawira won the by-election in Te Tai Tokerau of 25 June 2011 for the Mana Party, and went on to retain this seat during the 2011 general election. The party lost its one-seat during the 2014 election. The decision to work with the Internet Party is largely blamed for the loss because of the concerns people had with Internet Party's founder, and financier, Kim Dotcom.[17]
Other sites of Māori political participation
Māori politics extends beyond participation within general elections. This includes government-recognised tribal organisations which have proliferated through the resolution of Treaty of Waitangi breaches and increased enthusiasm by Māori to receive and manage these returned assets. Māori also participate politically within iwi rūnanga, which are the governing councils or administrative groups for Māori hapū or iwi.[18] Often, these tribal organisations work directly with local government. For example, the Independent Māori Statutory Board who informs the Auckland City Council, as well as ensuring the Council's compliance with statutory provisions under the Treaty of Waitangi.[19] /// Māori protest movement: The Māori protest movement is a broad indigenous-rights movement in New Zealand (Aotearoa). While there were a range of conflicts between Māori and European immigrants prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, the signing provided a legal context for protesting, as the Treaty of Waitangi made New Zealand a British colony with British law and governance applying. The British authorities had drafted the Treaty with the intention of establishing a British Governor of New Zealand, recognising Māori ownership of their lands, forests and other possessions, and giving Māori the rights of British subjects. However, the Māori and English texts of the Treaty differ in meaning significantly; particularly in relation to the meaning of having and ceding sovereignty. These discrepancies, and the subsequent colonisation by Pākehā settlers led to disagreements in the decades following the signing, including full-out warfare.
In its modern form, the Māori protest movement emerged in the early 1970s[1] as part of a broader Māori renaissance and has focused on issues such as the redressing Treaty of Waitangi grievances, Māori land-rights, the Māori language, culture, and racism in New Zealand. It has generally allied with the left wing, although it differs from the mainstream left in a number of ways. Most members of the movement have been Māori but it has attracted some support from pākehā (non-Māori) New Zealanders and internationally, particularly from other indigenous peoples. Notable successes of the movement include establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975, the return of some Māori land, and the Māori language becoming an official language of New Zealand in 1987.
Contents
1 Background
2 The Māori Affairs Amendment Act
3 Sporting contact with South Africa
4 Waitangi Day protests
5 Māori language and culture activism
6 The Treaty of Waitangi
6.1 The Treaty to the mid 20th century
6.2 Campaign for ratification
6.3 "The Treaty is a Fraud"
6.4 Activism and the Tribunal
7 Land
7.1 Bastion Point
7.2 Raglan Golf Course
7.3 1975 Land March
8 Resurgence of protest on land and Treaty issues from the 1990s
8.1 Fiscal envelope
8.2 Pākaitore
8.3 Takahue
8.4 Huntly
8.5 Ihumātao
9 Foreshore and Seabed
10 Te Mana Motuhake o Tuhoe
10.1 Te Urupatu
10.2 Anti-terror raids
10.2.1 Arrests and following court cases
11 Campaign to fly the Tino Rangatiratanga flag
11.1 Sanctioned uses of the Tino Rangatiratanga Flag
12 See also
13 Notes
14 Bibliography ... Daniel Karageorgis Sejin Pak ...
· Reply · 3 h
Daniel Karageorgis
Lesley McLachlan Regarding the "Mana Movement", does the word "mana" have anyghing to do with the modern Greek word "mana", meaning "mother"?
· Reply · 28 m
Lesley McLachlan
Hone Harawira, centre, pictured with two volunteers at a Tai Tokerau Border Control checkpoint, says Northland should return to alert level 3. (File photo); /// Covid-19: Calls for Northland to return to lockdown after seven Covid cases
Denise Piper 13… See more
· Reply · 2 h
Lesley McLachlan
Manchurian plague: ... The Cambridge-trained doctor Wu Lien-teh led Chinese efforts to end the plague, and promoted quarantine and the wearing of cloth face masks.[2][3] He also convened the International Plague Conference in Mukden in April 1911, the first major event of its kind that brought together an international team of scientists concerned with disease control.[4][5] ... /// Wu Lien-teh: Wu Lien-teh (Chinese: 伍連德; pinyin: Wǔ Liándé; 10 March 1879 – 21 January 1960), (also known as Goh Lean Tuck and Ng Leen Tuck in Minnan and Cantonese transliteration respectively), was a Malayan physician renowned for his work in public health, particularly the Manchurian plague of 1910–11. He is the inventor of the Wu mask, which is the forerunner of today's N95 respirator.
Wu was the first medical student of Chinese descent to study at the University of Cambridge.[1] He was also the first Malayan nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in 1935.[2] ...
· Reply · 2 h
Lesley McLachlan
Spanish flu: ... In New Zealand, the flu killed an estimated 6,400 Pakeha (or "New Zealanders primarily of European descent") and 2,500 indigenous Maori in six weeks, with Māori dying at eight times the rate of Pakeha.[203][204] ... ; Spanish flu, also… See more
· Reply · 2 h
Lesley McLachlan
Daniel Karageorgis thank you! /// Mana:
This article is about the Austronesian concept of power; Mana is the spiritual life force energy or healing power that permeates the universe, in the culture of the Melanesians and Polynesians.[1] Anyone or anyth… See more
· Reply · 22 m
Lesley McLachlan
Māori renaissance
The Māori renaissance[1][2] is the revival in fortunes of the Māori of New Zealand beginning in the latter half of the twentieth century. During this period the perception of Māori went from being that of a "dying race"[3] to being politically, culturally and artistically ascendant.[citation needed]
Māori population was at a low point at the beginning of the twentieth century with less than 50,000 and the Pākehā population had grown to over 800,000.[4] The total Māori population grew in the 20th century[5] and alongside this was a rebuilding of a cultural, economic and political base. This was the foundation of the Māori renaissance in the 1960s and 70s where, “...by 1940, Māori land was being developed for Māori (with state assistance) rather than sold, Māori political influence was being felt, and a renaissance in Māoritanga was proudly asserted.”
Proportional to the total New Zealand population, people claiming to be of Maori descent represented 8 percent in 1966 and about 14 percent in 1996.[6]
The roots of the renaissance lie in developments[which?] during the inter-war period and with the Māori Battalion[citation needed][7] (1940-1946), whose performance in World War II (1939-1945) won them many battle honours and decorations, with more individual bravery decorations than any other New Zealand battalion.[8]
The renaissance happened across a number of spheres, including the revival of the Māori language (with milestones such as the founding of the first kōhanga reo in 1982 and the passing of the Māori Language Act in 1987); the land-focused Māori protest movement (with the Bastion Point occupation in 1977–1978).[9] The Springbok tour in 1981 led to international connections with other indigenous peoples,[10] and the Te Maori art exhibition (1984-1987) saw Māori exhibiting Māori art internationally for the first time.[11][12] The culmination arguably came with the Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements starting in 1992, which have addressed the erosion of the Māori economic base.
As of 2020 there is a wide range of Māori-owned enterprises such as television and radio broadcasters, businesses and tourism ventures. Additionally, there is significant political representation, and an increasing number of Māori individuals are gaining international reputations for their achievements. Today, Māori people can be found in a wide array of pursuits and activities throughout New Zealand and the world.
Contents
1 People and groups
2 Political parties
3 People
3.1 Academics
3.2 Activists
3.3 Māori in entertainment and the arts
3.4 Politicians
3.5 Other
4 References
People and groups
Started in 1951 Māori Women's Welfare League is organisation that has had the most enduring impact on the Māori renaissance. As perhaps the first national Māori organisation founded on western principals and consistently winning grants and accolades for its work in housing, health, and education, the League demonstrated that western organisational principles weren't anathema to kaupapa Māori—Māori goals and approaches. Women who had gained experience in the League went on to found the Kōhanga Reo movement and Te Roopu Raranga Whatu o Aotearoa.
Political parties
Traditionally, Māori have largely voted for the New Zealand Labour Party in general elections. Several (often short-lived) political parties have sprung up with their main focus being on Māori rights and issues. The first of these to grab major public attention was Mana Motuhake, founded in 1979 by former Labour cabinet minister Matiu Rata. It contested four general elections from 1981 to 1990, but failed to gain a seat. It became part of the Alliance group of parties in 1991. Some members of the party who did not support joining the Alliance founded the Mana Māori Movement, which contested elections between 1994 and 2002 but again failed to win a seat.
Since the founding of New Zealand First, a populist party under the leadership of former National Party cabinet minister Winston Peters, in the early 1990s, Labour have faced a serious challenge for the Māori vote, both from New Zealand First and from Māori-specific parties. New Zealand First championed Māori issues, gaining a large proportion of the Māori vote and gained several seats, among them five Māori MPs known as "The Tight Five". A split in the party in 1998 led to the founding of the multicultural Mauri Pacific Party, headed by Tau Henare. This splinter failed to gain public support, and disbanded in 2001.
The year 2004 saw the founding of the Māori Party, to date New Zealand's most successful Māori-specific party. Founded by former Labour MP Tariana Turia, the party gained four seats in the following year's general election. In the 2008 election, its seats increased to five, and the party also won seats in 2011 and 2014. In 2008, the party entered a loose alliance with the National Party, firstly as part of the opposition, and in 2011 and 2014 as a minor partner in government. Disaffection with National led to a slump in support in the Māori Party in 2017, and it won no seats.
Disagreement over the Māori Party's role as a supporter of National also led to a split in the party in 2011, leading to the creation of the Mana Party by MP Hone Harawira. Harawira retained his seat as Mana's sole MP until 2014. In 2014 the party formed a brief alliance with Kim Dotcom's Internet Party, but this met with a mixed reception from Mana supporters, and the party won no seats. The parties went their separate ways after the election, with the Mana Party renamed as the Mana Movement. It failed to win a seat in the 2017 general election. ...
No comments:
Post a Comment