Wednesday, September 20, 2023

2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum - Wikipedia

2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum - Wikipedia

2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
14 October 2023[1]
A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.
Do you approve this proposed alteration?

Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Voice

The 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum will be held on 14 October 2023.[2] Voters will be asked to approve an alteration to the Australian Constitution that would prescribe a body called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice that "may make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government ... on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples".

The referendum question and proposed alteration were announced on 23 March 2023 by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.[3] The Bill that triggered the referendum is the Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023 and was tabled in federal parliament on 30 March 2023 by Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus.[4] On 31 May 2023, the Bill passed the House of Representatives,[5] and it passed the Senate on 19 June 2023.[6] The referendum date was announced by Albanese on 30 August 2023.[1]

Proposed question and body[edit]

Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023
Parliament of Australia
  • A Bill for an Act to alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice[7]
Territorial extentAustralia
Passed byHouse of Representatives
Passed31 May 2023
Passed bySenate
Passed19 June 2023
Legislative history
First chamber: House of Representatives
Introduced byMark Dreyfus
Introduced30 March 2023
First reading30 March 2023
Second reading30 March 2023 – 31 May 2023
Consideration in detail31 May 2023
Third reading31 May 2023
Second chamber: Senate
Member in chargeMurray Watt
Received from the House of Representatives13 June 2023
First reading13 June 2023
Second reading13 June 2023 – 16 June 2023
Committee of the whole16 June 2023 – 17 June 2023
Third reading19 June 2023
Amends
Australian Constitution
Summary
Amends the constitution to prescribe an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
Status: Pending referendum

On 23 March 2023, the Australian Government announced the proposed question and amendment to the constitution for the referendum.[8] The proposed question and amendment will be considered by the Parliament as part of the parliamentary process to alter the Constitution.

The Australian Government, following advice by the First Nations Referendum Working Group, also released design principles for the Voice.[9] It is stated that these principles will underpin "the shape and function of the Voice" and "then be the basis of the legislation" for the Parliament to consider if the referendum is successful.[10]

Referendum ballot papers will ask voters:[10]

A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice. Do you approve this proposed alteration?

Proposed amendment[edit]

The current proposal for the amendment to be inserted into the Constitution is:[10]

Chapter IX Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

129 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice

In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:

  1. There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice;
  2. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
  3. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to matters relating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice, including its composition, functions, powers and procedures.

Proposed design of the Voice[edit]

The Australian Government has also released a set of design principles of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice to guide the legislation for the Voice.[9] Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has stated that the principles will "underpin the shape and function of the Voice" and that if the 2023 Australian referendum is successful, then the Government "will establish a process in order for that [legislation] to be worked on, including a parliamentary process which will involve the whole of the Parliament regardless of where people stand to develop that legislation going forward".[10]

The design principles are that:[9][11]

The Voice will give independent advice to the Parliament and Government

  • The Voice would make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
  • The Voice would be able to make representations proactively.
  • The Voice would be able to respond to requests for representations from the Parliament and the Executive Government.
  • The Voice would have its own resources to allow it to research, develop and make representations.
  • The Parliament and Executive Government should seek representations in writing from the Voice early in the development of proposed laws and policies.

The Voice will be chosen by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people based on the wishes of local communities

  • Members of the Voice would be selected by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, not appointed by the Executive Government.
  • Members would serve on the Voice for a fixed period of time, to ensure regular accountability to their communities.
  • To ensure cultural legitimacy, the way that members of the Voice are chosen would suit the wishes of local communities and would be determined through the post-referendum process.

The Voice will be representative of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, gender balanced and include youth

  • Members of the Voice would be Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, according to the standard three part test.
  • Members would be chosen from each of the states, territories and the Torres Strait Islands.
  • The Voice would have specific remote representatives as well as representation for the mainland Torres Strait Islander population.
  • The Voice will have balanced gender representation at the national level.

The Voice will be empowering, community-led, inclusive, respectful and culturally informed

  • Members of the Voice would be expected to connect with – and reflect the wishes of – their communities.
  • The Voice would consult with grassroots communities and regional entities to ensure its representations are informed by their experience, including the experience of those who have been historically excluded from participation.

The Voice will be accountable and transparent

  • The Voice would be subject to standard governance and reporting requirements to ensure transparency and accountability.
  • Voice members would fall within the scope of the National Anti-Corruption Commission.
  • Voice members would be able to be sanctioned or removed for serious misconduct.

The Voice will work alongside existing organisations and traditional structures

  • The Voice would respect the work of existing organisations.

The Voice will not have a program delivery function

  • The Voice would be able to make representations about improving programs and services, but it would not manage money or deliver services.

The Voice will not have a veto power

Current model[edit]

The current model suggests 24 members on the body, elected by local and regional elected bodies,[12] each of which would be designed and run by their communities;[13] however, the final model will be decided by legislation if the referendum is successful.[12]

Further information: Indigenous Voice to Parliament

Voting and referendum mechanisms[edit]

Double majority[edit]

For the amendment to the Constitution to be enacted, it must receive the endorsement of a double majority of voters. This means that for the referendum to succeed, the following must occur:[14]

  • more than half of the total national votes must be in favour of the amendment; and
  • more than half of the voters in at least four states must vote in favour.

If more than half of the total national votes or more than half of the electors in at least three states vote against the amendment, the referendum will not be successful.[15][16]

Voters[edit]

Australian citizens and some British subjects may take part in Australian elections or referendums. Under Australian law, all eligible voters must submit a vote by an approved means (in-person, by post, or over the phone). It is mandatory for all eligible people to register to vote.[17]

It is mandatory for a person to register onto the Australian Electoral Roll and vote if they are:[18][19]

  • an Australian citizen, either by birth or naturalisation, or are a British subject who was enrolled to vote before 27 January 1984, and
  • aged 18 years or older (on the date of the referendum), and
  • have lived at an address for more than one month, and
  • not subject to an exemption or exclusion.

Exemptions to mandatory voting requirements apply for those that are overseas on the date of the referendum, are posted to an Australian station on Antarctica, or are homeless or have no fixed address.[20][21][22] A person serving a prison sentence of longer than three years on the date of the referendum is excluded from voting in federal elections or referendums whilst in custody, but must remain on the Electoral Roll.[23]

Cost[edit]

Funding for the referendum was provided to the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) and National Indigenous Australians Agency in the October 2022 Australian federal budget, with a total distribution of $75.2 million (excluding Contingency Reserves) over two years (FY2022–24).[24][25]

  • $52.6 million for the Australian Electoral Commission to prepare for and deliver the referendum
  • $16.1 million for the Australian Electoral Commission to increase the percentage of eligible First Nations people registered to vote
  • $6.5 million for the National Indigenous Australians Agency to support preparations for the referendum, including the relevant governance structures

There is an additional $160 million of the federal Contingency Reserve available to deliver the referendum.[24] In May 2023 the government announced a total of A$10.5 million in the 2023 budget to improve mental health services for Indigenous people in the lead-up to the referendum.[26]

Official pamphlet[edit]

Early in the referendum campaign the government was not enthusiastic about using pamphlets for this referendum, citing that voters could view details online, but after demands from the Liberal Party Opposition the government reversed their policy, and the MPs and Senators who voted Yes or No to the Constitution Alteration bill[27] were invited to contribute to the pamphlet detailing their Yes and No cases.[28] This approach has come under scrutiny from organisations such as The Greens, who have wanted these statements to be independently fact-checked, as MPs and Senators are writing the document with their own political views.[29]

On 18 July 2023, the pamphlets for Yes and No campaigns were published on the AEC website.[30][31]

On 11 August 2023 the referendum pamphlets were beginning to be issued by post.[32]

Key dates[edit]

Key dates in relation to the voting process for the referendum are:[33][34]

  • 11 September - Writ issued
  • 11 September - Applications for postal voting opens
  • 18 September (8pm) - Close of electoral roll
  • 25 September - Remote voting commences
  • 2 October - Early voting centres open in Northern Territory, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia
  • 3 October[a] - Early voting centres open in Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia.
  • 11 October (6pm) - Applications for postal voting closes
  • 14 October - Referendum Day
  • 27 October - Last day for receipt of postal votes
  • 20 December - Last day for return of writ

"Yes" and "No" campaigns[edit]

Main article: Endorsements in the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum

Campaigning for both sides of the question started in early 2023. Some of the groups and individuals involved are listed below.[39]

Yes[edit]

The Yes campaign held demonstrations around the country. Some 20,000 people attended the Brisbane rally.[40]

According to Mayo, all of these campaign groups are working towards the same goal.[39]

  • The National Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Catholic Council, based on a framework and foundation of subsidiarity.[43]

No[edit]

  • Australians for Unity, created on 11 May 2023, led by Warren Mundine and Jacinta Nampijinpa Price – both Indigenous Australians. This is a merger of two key former campaigns:[26]
    • Recognise a Better Way was led by Mundine and included former Nationals deputy PM John Anderson, and former Keating government minister Gary Johns.[39] The campaign, launched in January 2023, was set up by a group called the Voice No Case Committee. The committee included four Indigenous members: Mundine; Price (who left the group in February 2023 to join Advance[39]); founder of the Kings Creek Station Ian Conway; and Bob Liddle, owner of Kemara enterprises.[44][45] Price officially deleted her membership of the Voice No Case Committee from the Senate register of pecuniary interests on 13 August 2023 (although she had never disclosed her interest before).[46]
    • Fair Australia was a No campaign led by Jacinta Nampijinpa Price (who was originally part of the Recognise a Better Way group[26]) under the auspices of Advance.[39][c]
  • Blak Sovereign Movement,[47] including Senator Lidia Thorpe, who spoke at the National Press Club on 16 August.[48]
  • Advance (formerly Advance Australia), a conservative lobby group, has set up a No campaign which includes new social media advertising campaign titled "The Voice is Not Enough" (or just "Not Enough"),[49] aimed at a young demographic and targeting the "progressive no" vote, suggesting that the Voice would be too weak, or is not the main priority for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. A number of people have accused Advance of misrepresenting their views and using photographs of them in its campaign without their permission.[50] In addition, the group has created a "Referendum News" Facebook page[51] showing anti-Voice posts, and has advertised on Facebook and Instagram.[52]

Positions[edit]

Further information: Endorsements in the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum

Political parties[edit]

This table summarises the positions of registered Australian political parties at the federal level. Disagreement between federal party rooms and state-level party branches within the Liberal–National Coalition is discussed below.

PartyStanceNotes and references
Animal JusticeSupport[53]
Australian DemocratsSupport[54]
Centre AllianceUnknownThe party has not openly taken a stance on the issue, but does support the recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Constitution.[55]
CitizensUnknown
Australian Christians PartyOppose"Our aspiration is to nurture a generation of children and youth who step into the future with confidence, hope, and freedom – a vision that should resonate with everyone."[56][57]
Dai Le and Frank Carbone NetworkNeutralAs of January 2023, Le maintains a neutral position towards the Voice, claiming that it is not a priority for the culturally diverse communities in her electorate.[58]
Democratic AllianceSupport[59]
FusionSupport[60]
Great AustralianUnknown
GreensSupportThe party has a preference for truth-telling and treaty processes to occur prior to the Voice but have nonetheless backed the "yes" campaign for the expected referendum on the voice.[61]
Indigenous-AboriginalSupport[62]
Katter's AustralianOpposeLeader Bob Katter (federal MP for the Division of Kennedy) has stated that the Voice to Parliament may not cover important issues faced by Indigenous Australians, instead proposing a designated Indigenous senator. However, he has given his support for a referendum.[63] All three of the party's MPs in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland have requested more information from federal and state governments (similar to the Liberals) and said that they could possibly support the Voice. On 16 February 2023, the party announced on Facebook that its MPs will not support the Voice.[64]
LaborSupportLeader Anthony Albanese has given his support and pledged that a referendum would be held. All state and territory Labor leaders support the Voice, however Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk has said that although she supports the Voice, she believes it should be explained better.[65]
LambieSupportHaving publicly called for more information about the Voice to Parliament in August 2022 and February 2023,[66] party leader Jacqui Lambie expressed support for the Voice in May 2023,[67] and disappointment at opinion polling indicating a decline in public support in August 2023.[68]
Legalise CannabisUnknownRachel Payne announced that the Victorian state branch of the party supports a Voice to Parliament in May 2023,[69] but the party has not made its position clear at a federal level.
LiberalOpposeFederal leader Peter Dutton had requested more information before his party decided on a position; however some members have declared their own stances. Federal members of the party's Tasmanian branch were divided on the issue as of 3 January 2023.[70] On 5 April 2023, after a party room meeting, it was announced that the party will oppose the Voice citing constitutional risks. All members of the shadow ministry are bound by this decision but a conscience vote is allowed for backbencher members. The party has proposed an alternative to Labor's initial proposal and does support constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians, however.[71] Since the decision, some members of the party have indicated they will still support a Voice to Parliament despite their party room's position. Moderate backbenchers including Bridget Archer and Andrew Bragg as well as conservative backbencher Russell Broadbent have indicated their support for a Voice.[72] Furthermore, Julian Leeser has resigned from his frontbench position as Shadow Attorney-General to support a Voice.[73]
Liberal DemocraticOppose[74]
Palmer UnitedOppose[75][76]
NationalOpposeThe Nationals at a federal level have stated that they oppose a Voice to Parliament, citing concerns that it would not be inclusive of regional areas.[77][78][79]
One NationOpposeOne Nation opposes both a Voice to Parliament and a referendum on the subject.[80]
ReasonSupport[81]
Shooters, Fishers and FarmersUnknown
Socialist AllianceSupportSocialist Alliance has expressed scepticism that the Voice will serve as anything other than a token gesture towards true reconciliation, and criticised the absence of explicit information about its exact framework. However, they express critical support for the proposal, provided it does not undermine the sovereignty and treaty demands of First Nations in any way.[82]
Sustainable AustraliaSupport[83]
The Local NetworkUnknown
TNLSupport[84]
Victorian SocialistsSupportVictorian Socialists said in a statement that it encourages its members to vote Yes in the Voice referendum. The party also said that although a victory for the "Yes" side will not represent a major step forward for Indigenous rights, a "No" victory is likely to be a step backwards; as the "No" campaign has gained momentum, "racist elements have come to the fore".[85]
Voices for the SenateUnknown
Western Australia PartyOpposeThe Western Australia Party announced in a Facebook post that they would oppose the Voice.[86][87][88]

Different stances within the Coalition[edit]

Nationals leader David Littleproud announced on 28 November 2022 that his party would not support the Voice, with Senator for the Northern Territory Jacinta Price speaking out strongly against it. The decision led to Andrew Gee leaving the party to sit as an independent.[89][90] The Nationals oppose the Voice on a federal level and in two states (South Australia and Victoria), although the party supports it in New South Wales,[77] and Western Australia.[91][92]

Federally, the Liberal Party opposes the Voice, with leader Peter Dutton having repeatedly asked for more information before they could make a decision, before deciding on 5 April 2023 to reject the Voice. The Liberals have offered an alternative proposal and do support the constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians. Only backbenchers have been allowed a conscience vote on the issue, while members of the Coalition Shadow Ministry are obliged to oppose the Voice. Despite the Liberal Party's federal position, the party is supportive of the Voice in New South Wales and Tasmania.[79][93] The Western Australian branch was initially supportive, but changed their position in August 2023.[94] On 3 September, Dutton made a commitment to hold a second referendum if the Voice referendum failed, with a Liberal government proposal consisting of local bodies instead of a national one, and having Indigenous Australians recognised in the Constitution.[95]

Former Liberal MP, and Indigenous Australians Minister, Ken Wyatt, quit the Liberal Party on 6 April 2023, in response to the Federal Liberal Party's opposition to the Voice.[96] Later, Julian Leeser (the member for Berowra) resigned from the Shadow Cabinet to support the Voice and campaign for an improved wording, although he did not quit the party and still remains in Parliament as a Liberal backbencher.[97][98]

Since the resignation of Dominic Perrottet (a supporter of the Voice) as leader of the NSW Liberal Party after he led the party to defeat at the 2023 state election, most of the support for the Voice from Liberal members has come from Tasmania or from backbenchers, despite state branches refusing to bind their party or frontbenches by a stance (despite the federal Coalition binding its shadow ministers to oppose the Voice). Of other state Liberal leaders, New South Wales leader Mark Speakman[99][100] supports the Voice, while Western Australian leader Libby Mettam initially supported the Voice, but then began opposing it due to the state's controversial Aboriginal heritage laws. The Liberals for Yes campaign was launched in 2023 as an attempt to attract support for the Voice from centre-right, liberal conservative individuals.[101]

Similar to New South Wales, the Victorian Liberal Party has allowed its members a conscience vote on the issue. However, the Victorian branch has not yet declared its stance on the Voice, nor has leader John Pesutto confirmed his personal stance, but other members have voiced their personal opinions (see below).[102]

PartyStanceNotes and references
Canberra LiberalsAmbiguousThe Canberra Liberals have given its MPs a conscience vote on the issue.[103] The party's leader, Elizabeth Lee, supports the Voice.[104][102] Mark Parton has announced his support for the Voice, while former opposition leader Jeremy Hanson has announced his opposition to the proposal.[105]
Country LiberalOpposeOn 19 February 2023, the Country Liberal Party's rank-and-file voted to oppose the Voice.[106][107][108] However, members of the party have differing opinions; the party's sole federal senator, Jacinta Price, opposes the Voice, while the party's leader in the Northern Territory, Lia Finocchiaro, said in mid-March that she supported the Voice in principle, but needed more detail.[109] However, on 22 August, Finocchiaro confirmed that she would be voting "no", saying the government had not given enough information about the Voice and she was concerned that the Voice would not adequately represent Aboriginal Territorians, though she also said that party members were allowed a free vote on the issue and that she would not be campaigning against the Voice.[110]
Liberal NationalAmbiguousThe LNP has not stated a clear position on the Voice.[111][112] The party's leader in Queensland, David Crisafulli, announced he has an "open mind" on the issue.[79] Crisafulli later announced that he would oppose the Voice, but the LNP would be given a conscience vote on the issue and that he would not be campaigning against it.[113]
NSW LiberalsAmbiguousFormer New South Wales Premier Dominic Perrottet (who was Premier and Liberal leader from 2021 to 2023) supports the Voice.[93] The current leader, Mark Speakman, announced that members of the party will be given a free vote on the issue.[114] On 12 August 2023, Speakman announced that he personally supports the Voice, but would not be campaigning for it.[99]
NSW NationalsOpposeThe NSW Nationals have opposed the Voice, formally opposing it at their Senior Party Conference in July 2023. However, like the NSW Liberal Party, the NSW Nationals have announced that they will give its members a free vote on the issue.[114]
SA LiberalsOpposeThe South Australian division opposes the state's version of the Voice to Parliament, but has not yet made a stance on the federal version.[115] David Speirs remains undecided on the Voice, but has stated that the South Australian Liberals will remain neutral and will not campaign for either side.[116] However, Speirs later stated that he and the party would oppose the Voice.[117][118][119]
SA NationalsOppose[120]
Tasmanian LiberalsSupportTasmanian premier Jeremy Rockliff openly supports the Voice. Rockliff vowed to campaign "vigorously" in favour of the Voice.[79]
Victorian LiberalsAmbiguousJohn Pesutto, the leader of the party’s Victorian division, was initially unclear on the party’s position citing a lack of detail on the proposal.[121] The Victorian Liberals decided in May 2023 to allow members to have a conscience vote on this issue.[122] Only Jess Wilson, the Member for Kew, has publicly confirmed she will vote "yes" in the referendum, while the majority of Victorian Liberal MPs have publicly stated they will vote "no".[123] On 4 September, Pesutto declared he will be voting "no" in the referendum.[124]
Victorian NationalsOpposePeter Walsh, the leader of the Nationals in Victoria, backed the federal Nationals' decision.[125]
WA LiberalsOpposeLibby Mettam, the leader of the party's Western Australian division, announced the party's opposition in August 2023. She had previously endorsed the Voice.[94]
WA NationalsOpposeFormer leader Mia Davies stated her party's support for the Voice during her time as leader.[91][92] While current leader Shane Love initially supported the Voice, he later announced that he and the party would oppose the Voice,[126] following a similar decision made earlier by the WA Liberal Party.

Independents[edit]

NameStanceNotes and references
Kate ChaneySupport[127]
Zoe DanielSupport[128]
Andrew GeeSupportGee defected from the National Party in December 2022, shortly after the party announced its opposition to the Voice, citing a need to support the Voice as a key reason for leaving the party,[129] although party leader David Littleproud mentioned other disagreements that led to the decision.[130]
Helen HainesSupport[131]
David PocockSupport[132]
Monique RyanSupport[133]
Sophie ScampsSupportScamps referred to the First Nations Voice to Parliament as a "generous invitation" in her first speech to Parliament in August 2022.[134]
Allegra SpenderSupport[135]
Zali SteggallSupport[136]
Lidia ThorpeOpposeIn August 2022, when still Greens Indigenous affairs spokesperson, Thorpe called for Treaty before Voice.[137] Defecting from the Greens in February 2023, she said that she wished to lead the "Blak sovereignty" movement and campaign for such a treaty[138][139][140][141] before implementation of the Voice, which would be "powerless".[142][143][d] In May 2023, she ruled out supporting the No campaign and said she would consider abstaining.[145] On 20 June Thorpe joined the official "No" campaign,[146] after she had voted "No" to the referendum bill in the Senate on 19 June.[147][148] On 20 July, Thorpe released her own pamphlet advocating against the Voice, criticising both the official "Yes" and "No" pamphlets, and claiming that she had been unfairly excluded from contributing to the official "No" case, which she condemned as racist.[149]
Kylea TinkSupport[150][151]
Andrew WilkieSupport[152]

Former prime ministers[edit]

Prime MinisterTermPartyPositionNotes and references
Paul Keating1991–1996LaborSupportPaul Keating strongly supports the Voice, saying that the Albanese government should not postpone a referendum on the issue and should hold it in its first term.[153]
John Howard1996–2007CoalitionOpposeAfter initially not settling on a position, John Howard stated in an interview with The Australian that the Voice will "create a new cockpit of conflict about how to help Indigenous people".[154][155]
Kevin Rudd2007–2010, 2013LaborSupportKevin Rudd supports the Voice to Parliament, stating that Tony Abbott's stance on the issue was "wrong".[156]
Julia Gillard2010–2013LaborSupportJulia Gillard announced her support for the Voice, along with Beyond Blue, which she is currently chairing.[157]
Tony Abbott2013–2015CoalitionOpposeTony Abbott has openly given his opposition to the Voice.[158][159][160]
Malcolm Turnbull2015–2018CoalitionSupportIn August 2022, Malcolm Turnbull stated that despite his previous concerns, he would now vote in favour of Albanese's proposal.[161]
Scott Morrison2018–2022CoalitionOpposeWhile he was prime minister, Scott Morrison proposed a version of the Voice,[162] but repeatedly ruled out holding a referendum, and vetoed attempts to do so.[163] He had stated that the Voice would be a "third chamber" of Parliament.[164]

Opinion polling[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Opinion polling for the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum.[edit]
External poll aggregations
image icon Nick Evershed and Josh Nicholas for The Guardian
image icon Kevin Bonham, electoral analyst[165]
image icon Simon Jackman, University of Sydney professor[165]
Graphical summary – binary choice

Conspiracy theories[edit]

A small minority of opponents of the Voice, primarily right-wing and far-right politicians and commentators, internet trolls and members of the sovereign citizen movement, have spread a number of conspiracy theories regarding the referendum online, primarily on Telegram and Twitter.[166]

Examples of conspiracy theories promoted online include:[166]

  • The claim that home ownership will be banned if the Voice referendum succeeds and that homeowners would instead be forced to rent or sell the land[167]
  • The belief that the AEC will rig the referendum in favour of the Yes vote,[168] including a theory that those who fail to vote in the referendum will be counted as having voted Yes[169]
  • Claims that there are actually two questions to the referendum, one on whether or not Indigenous Australians are indeed indigenous to Australia and one about the Voice, and that writing Yes on the first question will override a No vote on the second question – the referendum will actually only have one question[170]
  • Several conspiracy theories involving globalism, the United Nations, the World Health Organisation and the World Economic Forum[171][167]

The group making the claims about conspiracy theories "RMIT Fact lab" was suspended by Meta as a fact checking organisation.[172][173]

It has also been reported that many of conspiracy theories have been promoted by internet trolls linked to the Chinese Communist Party,[166] with China being accused of espionage, attempting to undermine Western influence and attempting to silence Western criticism of human rights abuses in China.[166] However, there have as of August 2023 been no reports of influence linked to Iran or Russia.[166]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Due to public holidays: Labor Day in ACT, NSW, SA;[35][36] King's Birthday in Qld[37][38]
  2. ^ Formerly known as Thomas Mayor.[41]
  3. ^ Advance emerged during the 2019 election, attacking activist group GetUp!, supporting Tony Abbott against the independent Zali Steggall (who won the seat), and campaigning against David Pocock.[39]
  4. ^ She also suggested that all of the recommendations from the Bringing Them Home report and Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody should be implemented before the Voice.[144]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b Butler, Josh (30 August 2023). "Indigenous voice to parliament referendum date announced as 14 October". Guardian Australia.
  2. ^ Butler, Josh (30 August 2023). "Indigenous voice to parliament referendum date announced as 14 October". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Constitutional amendment and referendum question announced". 23 March 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  4. ^ Dreyfus, Mark (30 March 2023). "Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023". Federal Register of Legislation. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  5. ^ Doran, Matthew (31 May 2023). "Indigenous Voice to Parliament referendum bill passes the lower house, Nationals, some Liberals voting against". ABC News. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  6. ^ Josh Butler (19 June 2023). "Historic Indigenous voice referendum bill passes parliament ahead of public vote". Guardian Australia.
  7. ^ "Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023".
  8. ^ "Next Step Towards Voice Referendum: Constitutional Alteration Bill | Prime Minister of Australia". www.pm.gov.au. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Voice principles released | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice". voice.niaa.gov.au. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Press Conference - Parliament House | Prime Minister of Australia". www.pm.gov.au. Retrieved 24 March 2023.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  11. ^ "Design Principles of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice". National Indigenous Australians Agency. 23 March 2023.
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