Asian Americans - A Question of Loyalty (2020) | Full Documentary
PBS America
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An American-born generation straddles their country of birth and their familial homelands in Asia. Family loyalties are tested during World War II, when Japanese Americans are imprisoned in detention camps, and brothers find themselves on opposite sides of the battle lines. For Koreans and other Asian Americans, joining the U.S. war effort also means the fight for independence in Asia.
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ROBERTA: This was their birth country and they're Americans and they fought on the side of the United States while
the rest of their family was incarcerated. SATSUKI: They never committed a crime except to have the
face of the enemy. WOMAN: I couldn't believe we were being corralled to this concentration camp.
WOMAN: Families were split up. SATSUKI: The government framed it as an issue of loyalty.
ROBERTA: My uncles felt compelled to renounce their brother. He was a very controversial figure.
SUSAN: I'm very proud of being Korean. Unless you respect your heritage, you'll never find identity.
SATSUKI: Many of us stand with the people who are being targeted today by speaking up.
KAY: Now I look back and I say, "Would my children believe me if I tried to explain it to him"
SATSUKI: I'm here today so the rest of this world hears what happened to us.
♪ ♪
(wind chimes)
SATSUKI: This is the metal box I found after my mother passed away.
I was surprised to see my mother's actual identification number
that she was assigned, number 14911.
I found her pin. Her mug shot.
And this was the beginning of the dehumanization for her.
My parents didn't know how long they would be incarcerated.
It's been heartrending to know the suffering that they endured during that time.
NEWSCASTER: The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor by air.
NARRATOR: As the United States enters World War II, many American-born Asians are forced to
make agonizing decisions. This is the story of how families are torn apart,
and how their actions will affect them for generations. One family in particular is shattered by conflicting
allegiances and accusations of treason.
Everyone will be impacted in radically different ways, but each face the same question:
What does it mean to be a loyal American?
At the beginning of a new century, immigrants are seeking opportunity.
One of them is George Kumemaro Uno, who arrives from Japan in 1905.
Raised as a Christian, he speaks English and is eager to start life as an American.
ROBERTA: He changed his name to George after George Washington, but what he found here didn't exactly measure up
to the ideals of democracy, because he couldn't own land, become a citizen, intermarry with a Caucasian,
had he wanted to. And yet he really believed in this country.
BRIAN: Asians were deemed not eligible to become naturalized US citizens.
Japanese immigrants were always unable to vote, and they were politically powerless,
and thus kind of easy to victimize, easy to scapegoat.
NARRATOR: Despite these limitations, Asian immigrants are planting roots across the country.
Little Tokyos, Chinese and Filipinotowns, alongside South Asian communities,
provide places for Asian Americans to flourish in a language and culture they understand.
George and his wife Riki eventually settle in Los Angeles where they have 10 children.
ROBERTA: When I was growing up, we heard these stories, how the Uno house on Broadway and 38th in LA was just this
place where all the young people wanted to be. There was music, the Uno boys were all great dancers.
They would just have a lot of fun, and our grandparents were so welcoming to everybody.
AMY: We were raised with the full American way of living.
We always said "mom and dad," where everybody else was saying Otosan, Okasan.
My father used to always say, "We must be Americans, but this is our adopted home."
NARRATOR: Parents George and Riki are part of the first generation of immigrants, the Issei.
Their American-born children are the second generation, the Nisei. BRIAN: The Nisei are in many ways just typical Americans.
The all-American Tom Sawyer, boyhood's, girlhoods, having the same kind of dreams
and aspirations of any other American youth at the time.
NARRATOR: The oldest child of the family is Buddy Uno. In many ways he is a typical Nisei,
but will prove later to be a controversial figure.
ROBERTA: Buddy's like a mystery to us.
My sister and I always used to look at our family albums and see this very handsome, distinguished-looking man,
who reminded us so much of our father and our uncles. And we knew them all so well, but we didn't know Buddy.
TAMIKO: What I knew of Buddy was very limited. Nothing too serious, never about the war,
or never about this sort of a bit of a
controversy around him.
BRIAN: There was a tremendous amount of anti-Japanese discrimination. Ironically, in many cases,
it was led by other immigrants, who were white. That, combined with stereotypes that immediately
came into play, created this large-scale anti-Japanese agitation.
NARRATOR: No matter how long they'd been in America, Asians are turned away from certain restaurants,
swimming pools, and movie theaters. In addition, restrictive covenants ban Asians from
living in white neighborhoods.
As for Buddy, he is rejected from his Boy Scout troop at age 12 because he is Japanese.
It is a humiliation he will carry with him for the rest of his life.
In high school, he finds an outlet to express himself, a column for a Japanese American newspaper,
where he writes about the dilemma of the Nisei generation.
Despite his ambitions, Buddy can never dream of getting a job in the mainstream press because of his race.
BRIAN: The classic story of Nisei coming of age in the ‘30s was ones who would go to the best schools in the country,
come back with degrees from UCLA or Stanford, and no one would hire them. They could not get a job with the government,
no corporation would hire them, so they ended up typically working in their
parents' market, or their parents' business, or their parents' farm.
NARRATOR: But across the Pacific, Asia is an attractive draw, especially for Nisei with limited opportunities.
(singing in Japanese)
If you are Japanese you are associated with modernization and power.
Japan has started its campaign of conquest in Asia, beginning with Manchuria and China.
BRIAN: Their propaganda message is this idea of Asia for Asians.
For many Nisei, that was attractive. People like Buddy who felt like their occupational dreams
were sort of thwarted in the US because of discrimination saw that as a place where there were greater opportunities.
NARRATOR: But other Asian communities in the US are incensed by Japanese imperialism.
Chinese communities are especially aggrieved by the occupation of Manchuria.
WOMAN: Like a streak of lightning out of a clear sky, Japan attacked and occupied Manchuria.
The Japanese army has overrun the whole country. NARRATOR: But Buddy is willing to overlook
Japan's transgressions. In 1937, Buddy Uno takes a freighter to Japan in hopes of
fulfilling his dreams of becoming a foreign correspondent. In an interview a year later, he explains his motivations.
BUDDY: I was treated like a yellow skibbie and not an American citizen. So I decided, "The hell with the US, I'd go to Japan
where my knowledge of the States would be appreciated."
NARRATOR: The 1930s are shaped profoundly by the Great Depression.
The Uno family, with so many mouths to feed, struggles to make ends meet.
Amy Uno, at age 12, moves in with a Caucasian family to become their domestic help.
AMY: I decided after talking to my mother that this would alleviate a lot of the hardships.
So I worked for this family for $8 a month. ROBERTA: She started working in service, um,
living with various families, taking care of their children and taking the streetcar to school,
then coming back and preparing dinner and giving what little she made to her mom to help with family expenses.
NARRATOR: In Asia, Buddy is able to achieve what he couldn't in the US: work as a mainstream reporter.
He sets out to cover the Sino-Japanese war. Caught up in the thrill of battle,
Buddy writes glowing dispatches from the Chinese front. BUDDY: Many believe Japan to be fanatical and mad,
but whatever she is, she faces the world with a clear conscience, and the world looks at her with wonderment,
fear, and suspicion. NARRATOR: Though his Japanese is limited,
Buddy finds a job with the Japanese army. He works as a liaison with the foreign press.
TAMIKO: He was very pro-Japan, and wanted to affirm that belief that he comes from a great country,
and that Japan is a great country. ROBERTA: When I look back at Buddy,
I think not only the issue of his response to American racism, but then the response that so many of us have when
we go to our countries of home origin of our parents, or grandparents, or great grandparents.
He probably had that feeling of being in a setting where he was no longer a marginalized person or a minority.
NARRATOR: But that pride he feels colors how he views the Japanese army. He writes numerous articles extolling its strengths,
while minimizing the violence and death committed by its soldiers. BRIAN: Many of the Nisei, because they'd been treated so
badly in the United States, I think there was a greater openness to overlook some of the atrocities the
Japanese were committing.
NARRATOR: Tamiko Ishidate is Buddy Uno's granddaughter. She was born in Japan, but has lived in the States
for almost 30 years. She's talking to relatives for the first time to understand why the family was split during the war.
She visits her uncle, Joe Uno. He's helped collect some of the family archive.
JOE: So I hope this is the box. These are the photos that Auntie Kay gave to me
to bring back, this whole box. Is that, is that Buddy? TAMIKO: That's Buddy! JOE: Yeah?
TAMIKO: Yeah! JOE: Wow.
Is that your grandmother, Tomoko? TAMIKO: Tomoko. Yeah. JOE: Wow. TAMIKO: They must be 38 here.
JOE: And they're in Shanghai there? TAMIKO: Yeah. Shanghai.
NARRATOR: 1940s Shanghai is a bustling international metropolis.
It is while working there that Buddy falls in love with a Japanese national.
TAMIKO: My grandmother, Tomoko, was working at the Japanese confectionery company. My grandmother Tomoko told me many times how he came back
for a bag of peanuts almost every day. I don't think they communicated that much.
That's partly limitation of Buddy's language skills. His Japanese was limited to conversational.
There's a lot of very nice photos of them, group dating, going out, picnics.
It seems like a really very joyous time in their life.
NARRATOR: They marry in 1941, a few months before the world will turn upside down.
ROOSEVELT: December 7th, 1941,
a date which will live in infamy.
BRIAN: Hours and days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, federal officials, with the aid of local police forces,
were able to swoop in and arrest a couple of thousand mostly Japanese male immigrant community leaders.
My own grandfather, who was a newspaper editor in Honolulu, was arrested on the night of December 7th.
NARRATOR: Soon after, George Uno, Buddy's father, is one of the first Japanese to be rounded up
by the authorities. His FBI records describe how Buddy, his son,
is employed by the Japanese military, as grounds for his arrest.
AMY: By the time I got home the FBI was at our house. And they tore the siding out of our house to see if we were
hiding things in between the walls, and under the floorboards.
When they left, they took my father with them. NARRATOR: For days the Uno family lives in dread,
unsure of their father's whereabouts. One day they learn he was being held at a camp in
Griffith Park in Los Angeles. AMY: We all jumped in the car.
And we took toothpaste and soap and wash cloths, and all kinds of things with us.
And sure enough, as we got way into Griffith Park we found the military police all around us.
And we yelled, "Dad, if you recognize us, put your hands up.” And of course my father recognized
immediately his bunch of kids. So then, all of us took turns pitching.
We took the soap, and we took the toothpaste, and we took his shaving kit and things and we just pitched
it as far as we could over into this thing. NARRATOR: Amy and her siblings will not reunite with their
father for two years. For months the family lives under the strict curfew
imposed on all Japanese people. They have to be inside by 5:00 PM,
and can only travel a few miles from home. BRIAN: You had newspaper columnists,
opportunistic politicians, such as the attorney general of California, Earl Warren, who were really agitating for
further action against Japanese Americans. They wanted to remove every man, woman,
and child from the West coast. JANE: It's a really difficult and challenging time for
Asian Americans because people don't always distinguish between them very carefully.
You see Koreans wearing badges that say, "I am Korean." And sometimes they'll wear Korean flags
on their shirts. And Chinese Americans do something similar that
distinguish them as non-Japanese. They wanted to distance themselves from the anti-Japanese hysteria.
NARRATOR: On February 19th, 1942 Franklin Roosevelt passes Executive Order 9066, authorizing the incarceration
of more than 110,000 Japanese Americans. Two thirds of whom were born in the United States.
A few weeks later, the Unos are instructed to assemble at a nearby church. Bringing only their personal belongings.
Like thousands of others, they have no idea what will happen next.
BRIAN: You would typically have a week to dispose of everything and show up at a particular place by a
particular date. Many people lose everything. They have houses, they have possessions,
they have business. They now have to dispose of them very quickly.
REPORTER: At Los Angeles, 36,000 Japs see the handwriting on the wall and sell out their goods before their voluntary departure.
NARRATOR: Despite propaganda at the time, the evacuation is anything but voluntary.
Japanese Americans are transferred to 10 newly constructed detention camps in remote areas.
An additional 10 Department Of Justice camps are built in places such as Bismarck, North Dakota
and Crystal City, Texas. ROBERTA: That's where people who were considered dangerous
enemy aliens were sent. As opposed to the Department of Interior camps, which were concentration camps for kind of everybody else.
For families, et cetera. And even still, people were split up.
NARRATOR: Amy Uno is sent with her husband to a camp in Wyoming. The rest of the family is sent to Colorado.
They still have no idea where their father is being held.
SATSUKI: There was no due process. The government framed it as an issue of loyalty.
But there had never been a question of loyalty in the Japanese American community.
Nobody asked about loyalty before they were incarcerated. NARRATOR: Satsuki Ina's parents were born in the
United States, but partly educated in Japan. SATSUKI: My mother kept a diary from the day
that she married. Kind of heart wrenching. She starts out with all this hopefulness.
Finding the love of her life and looking forward to having a family.
Nine months later, they find themselves imprisoned.
They were removed to the Tanforan racetrack, which was a temporary detention facility.
If you had one-sixteenth Japanese blood, even if you were a baby in an orphanage,
you are put in an orphanage in one of the camps.
This was based on race.
SATSUKI: There is a photograph of my mother standing in line in San Francisco in front of a Community Hall,
that was taken by Dorothea Lange. That photo captured the moment before she was assigned
to be number 14911. It's really clear the anxious look on her face,
the beginning of the unknown for her. My mother had morning sickness and placed in a
horse stable where they could still smell the manure. And she wrote in her diary that she was sick every day
and unable to eat. She was concerned about what was happening to the baby that was growing inside of her.
From there, they were sent to Topaz, Utah.
There, my brother was born.
There was so much turmoil inside the camp. There were factions. Those that were supportive of the administration,
and then there was a growing resistance. That resistance movement gave them a place where they could
feel some personal dignity by opposing the oppressive conditions and the terrible food.
There was not enough milk for the children. There was a limit on how much coal you could have to heat
the rooms. It was 1943 by then and they were required to
answer what was called the loyalty questionnaire, asking them if they were one,
willing to bear arms against the enemy. And two, if they would be willing to disavow
any loyalty to the emperor, which they never had in the first place.
NARRATOR: Though the vast majority of inmates answer yes to both questions. Satsuki's parents answer no.
SATSUKI: By then they had already decided that they would have a better life in Japan.
And eventually they would renounce their American citizenship. Out of despair.
People who answered no to those two questions were considered disloyal by the government,
and then transferred to the maximum security Tule Lake segregation center in Northern California.
And this is where I was born. BRIAN: We tend to frame these things in terms of loyalty.
Are you for us, or against us? And it's just, in the situation they're in,
it's just not clear that loyalty is really the right framework to be talking about it.
It's a matter of survival. It's a matter of having family in both places.
It's a matter of thinking about what your own situation and future is going to be. And there are no good answers in a lot of cases.
SATSUKI: I asked my mother, "Why would you have another child in a prison camp?" And she said, "Well, there were rumors that if you had
more children they wouldn't separate the family." Which turned out not to be true because eventually
my father was separated from us and sent to a different prison camp.
NARRATOR: Satsuki's father is eventually sent to Fort Lincoln in Bismarck, North Dakota,
a high security camp, for so-called enemy aliens. Buddy's father, George Uno, is also held there.
For the next few years, the government attempts to deport him to Japan but he maintains his allegiance to
the United States.
♪ ♪ Now that Japan is America's war time enemy,
other Asian communities react in different ways. JANE: Koreans in the United States see American victory as
also a Korean victory. Because what they want is they want Japan to be
kicked out of Korea. NARRATOR: In 1910, Japan established Korea as a colony,
suppressing any trace of Korean culture or identity.
This loss of country shapes how all Koreans see themselves.
Susan Ahn, born in Los Angeles in 1915, is part of the first generation of Koreans born on
American soil. One of five siblings, Susan loves sports and is head of
her college baseball team. SUSAN: I played basketball, field hockey, badminton.
I enjoyed playing sports more than anything, I guess. And my brother was unhappy.
He wanted me to be genteel, ladylike.
NARRATOR: Though they live all-American lives, Susan and her siblings have an unusual family background.
Their father is an activist who leads the movement for Korean independence from Japan.
His name is Ahn Chang Ho but he goes by the pen name, Dosan.
Dosan is a doting father but is largely absent during Susan's youth.
His work takes him around the world organizing support for a free Korea.
SUSAN: I grew up with people saying to me, "Your father is not your father. He's the country's father."
PHILLIP: Every house that the family lived in, it was not just the family house, it was the community house.
It was the independence movement activity house.
SUSAN: One thing he always said, "Be grateful you're living in America, and try to be good Americans,
but don't forget your heritage." NARRATOR: In 1932, Dosan is arrested in China by
Japanese agents and sent back to Korea. There he is jailed and tortured and dies of his
injuries in 1938. The family is devastated.
PHILLIP: My mom's biggest thing was waiting for him to come back home. So when this happened, she was angry, hurt, you know.
Her biggest dream was over.
SUSAN: When you're a Korean, you have no country. And the Japanese are the predators.
You have a father who gave up his life for it. You go fight.
PHILLIP: My mom felt that she could go to officer training school. But because she was Asian, they rejected her.
And she said, "I don't care about being an officer. I'm going to join this fight.”
SUSAN: There was no doubt in the whole family's minds that we were loyal to United States, America.
It was just an opportunity to do something for Korea, the country that your father and mother gave
up their lives for. CHRISTINE: She joined the Navy and was assigned to be a
gunnery officer, which meant she had to learn how to shoot a 50 caliber machine gun.
Which was pretty interesting for a five foot Asian lady.
NARRATOR: Susan Ahn becomes the first Asian woman to enlist in the United States Navy,
and its first female gunnery officer. SUSAN: I was teaching them how you should shoot at the
Japanese when they are in the sky at a Japanese fighter pilot.
One time one commander said to me, he says, "I'm not shooting until I see the whites
of those Japs eyes." And I said, "I don't care what you do up there, you do what I tell you to do down here."
NARRATOR: Susan's older brother, Philip, contributes to the war effort in his own way.
He is one of the first Asian actors in Hollywood. PHILLIP: When World War II happened my uncles movie
career was taking off. And then the American government starts running the movie industry.
You know, they're censoring, they're suggesting to RKO and Paramount to make these patriotic movies about war.
And so Phillip starts playing these Japanese roles. AHN: America will be crushed never to rise again.
CHRISTINE: He was thrilled to be able to play a bad Japanese. And to play a Japanese character that then everybody
who saw the movie would hate. He thought that was wonderful.
(slap)
NARRATOR: The war provided Asian communities a chance to prove their patriotism.
Chinese and Filipino Americans enlist in droves. Before the war, Filipinos were barred from enlisting in the
US military. After Pearl Harbor, almost half the male Filipino
population in California signs up. They create two all Filipino regiments.
MAN: In small patrols, they quickly learn the tactics of modern warfare.
DIXON: I volunteered for the First Filipino Infantry Regiment and lo and behold,
I didn't see any soldiers that were my age.
These soldiers that I did see were at least mid-30's
I'd even say in their 40's. There were some people that lied about their age just to
stay in the army. MAN: Swinging the dreaded bolo knives of the Philippine jungle, they work for the day when they will help free their
homeland from the invader.
NARRATOR: Japanese Americans have different motives. They join the military to fight for their own freedom.
From the prison camps, tens of thousands enlist, including three of the Uno brothers.
ROBERTA: I think what's so interesting about the Uno family, those 10 siblings, is that you have the range from a
very controversial figure like my Uncle Buddy. And then you have my other uncles who joined
the United States Army. Who volunteered out of internment camp and fought on
the side of the United States, while the rest of their family was incarcerated.
They knew this was their birth country and they're Americans, and they should join the service.
BRIAN: The war department and others began to realize that it would probably be good to allow Japanese Americans to
serve in the armed forces. Not only because you need the manpower, but it's also an answer to Japanese Axis propaganda
saying that the U.S. is a racist society. If we have Japanese Americans who are serving in the military,
that's a rebuke to that. That no, we're not racist.
NARRATOR: Howard and Stanley Uno enlist as military intelligence to serve in the Pacific war.
Their brother Ernest signs up to fight with the segregated 442nd battalion in Europe.
ERNEST: We had to voluntarily enlist. We put our lives on the line. We didn't have to be drafted.
REPORTER: It's become one of the most amazing fighting outfits of the war. It's the famous 442nd combat team.
Mainly Nisei Americans of Japanese descent. JANE: The 442nd is the most decorated military battalion
in American history. They embarked on a series of extremely difficult and
dangerous military missions, including the rescue of a battalion of Texas soldiers called the Lost Battalion.
It was seen as a suicide mission but the 442nd managed
to save hundreds of Texas soldiers from behind enemy lines in France.
NARRATOR: But back home, the families of these soldiers are still prisoners.
In 1944, the Unos reunite in Crystal City, Texas, at a special camp designed for families.
When Ernest Uno visits them, he is met with a harsh reality.
ERNEST: My homecoming was somewhat of a painful one.
My parents were in an internment camp.
I went up to the fence, touched their hands.
My mother said, (speaking in Japanese)
She said, "I knew you'd come home."
KAY: It wasn't like in the WRA camps where they could go in and stay with the families, you know.
We had a visiting room, and they, it was just like any prison in which they were on one side of the table and
you were on the other side. ERNEST: I go in visitor's cottage and sit at a couch.
With the armed guards standing behind us. You know, he had a pistol on his side. And you know, just standing there.
Overseeing us as we had this family reunion.
And yet darn it, you know, forever the loyal American.
This is something we had to take. Part of the ... we always take.
NAVIGATION: In a quarter mile, turn left onto Hualipai Road. NARRATOR: Tamiko visits her great Aunt Kay,
Buddy's youngest sister. She's the last remaining of the 10 Uno siblings.
Imprisoned at age nine, she spent two years in Amache, Colorado before
moving to Crystal City with her family.
TAMIKO: Kay? (speaking in Japanese)
Kay, do you remember about Buddy?
KAY: He was my big brother and he was so nice. I loved him.
TAMIKO: But he also was put into a very difficult position.
What do you remember about him? What did you hear? KAY: I won't say.
I told myself I wouldn't ever say anything.
I just loved him.
(artillery fire)
NARRATOR: In April 1942 Japanese forces invade the Philippines, an American colony.
As they battle for control of the islands, Japan humiliates the U.S.
First in Bataan and then in the battle of Corregidor.
These make up the largest surrender of US troops in American history.
During the Pacific war, 1.1 million Filipino civilians and soldiers die during the fight to defend their country.
Buddy blames this defeat on the delusions of American imperialism.
He continues to champion Japan's dominance of Asia. Buddy Uno originally came to Japan to be a
war correspondent, but he has evolved into an unapologetic propagandist.
He begins producing broadcasts in English, aimed to weaken the morale of US troops.
Buddy's brother, Howard Uno, is stationed in Australia in 1943,
serving as a personal translator to General MacArthur. One day he tunes into a radio program and immediately
recognizes his brother's voice, speaking on behalf of the enemy.
ROBERTA: He was considered a traitor and I think my uncles,
especially because they were having to prove their loyalty, my uncles felt compelled to renounce their brother.
They made statements like they would have killed him if they could. MAN: "We wish to inform you that the Jap officer,
our brother, is a traitor to the American way of life. We have pledged the destruction of him and all
those like him." ROBERTA: But that issue became much more complicated within
the family because they still were brothers. So in many ways it was almost like a classic
civil war story.
SATSUKI: This was 1988. I had stopped at the Smithsonian because they had this exhibit about the incarceration of
the Japanese Americans. I turned the corner, there's this giant photo of a man in a jail.
And instantly I knew it was my father.
And at that time I had no idea he had been inside that jail. And this was the Tule Lake jail.
Prisoners were beaten with bats and clubbed.
My parents were writing back and forth to each other, trying to, really struggling to communicate about their
decisions about the future, but the letters were severely censored.
So my father would actually strip his bed sheet and write
letters to her and then roll it up and he'd stick it inside the belt lining of the pants, sew it back up and he'd send
the pants to my mother in Tule Lake and say that the waist was too tight, so could she please adjust and
mend it for him. And so she writes in her diary, today she found the letter from Ina.
So then they began this exchange. ITARU: Dear Shizuko, I feel more and more disheartened.
When I think about our children, I can't help but worry. SHIZUKO: Dear Itaru, these days,
nothing gives me more strength than your letters.
NARRATOR: In 1944 in the Philippines, Buddy develops an unusual friendship.
Carl Mydans is an American photojournalist locked up in a Japanese prisoner of war camp.
As the tide turns against Japan, Buddy regularly visits Mydans.
CARL: Buddy Uno was one of the most tortured souls I have ever known. He was an American in a Japanese uniform.
Despite his guarded and sometimes crude cover up, I came to realize that Uno deeply loved the
country of his birth. He needed desperately to talk to someone and to justify
himself to himself.
NARRATOR: As America retakes the Philippines, Buddy escapes to the mountains.
After weeks of near starvation, he is finally captured by Filipino guerrillas.
BUDDY: That day they took me will be the last thing I remember when I die.
I came out with my hands up and something strange happened to me.
I had a smile on my face and I recall a voice shouting,
"Look at that Jap son of a bitch laughing." But inside me, I was crying as I've never cried in my life.
It was as though I was bleeding in there. NARRATOR: Buddy is placed in a prisoner of war camp.
There he has an unexpected reunion. AMY: My brother Howard happened to go
to where this camp was, where they had all the POWs and lo and behold, he saw his own brother.
They saw each other with a fence between them.
You can imagine the emotional upheaval.
KAY: In Amache camp, mother and I slept together.
One incident that I remember she woke up and she seemed very calm, and she seemed, you know, kind of happy.
And she said, “Oh, everything's going to be alright, with Buddy and Howard.
That they're going, that they have met.” And this was before we even knew that they had met.
But she had dreamt that somehow they had met in a peaceful way.
(explosion)
NARRATOR: The war is over, but the death toll is staggering. Conservative estimates bring the total to
70 million dead worldwide.
Buddy Uno will never return to the United States.
He dies of complications of tuberculosis at age 47.
Two of his children are still alive. Katsumaro and Emiko, Tamiko's mother.
TAMIKO: My mother and uncle are among the last to see Buddy as he was dying.
They were so young, and like me have a lot of questions about his time during the war.
KATSUMARO: Wow.
(crying)
TAMIKO: There is no way ever knowing exactly Buddy's thinking or thoughts.
It will forever be a mystery.
Some see Buddy as a traitor, but I think it's way more complicated.
I just see him as a tragic figure.
NARRATOR: In her post war career, Susan Ahn continues to buck tradition. She eventually becomes a Russian code breaker
during the Cold War. CHRISTINE: She went to work every day for the National Security Agency
and she couldn't tell me what she did there, but she was there all day long and she then came home, was like a normal mom.
NARRATOR: Susan later moves back to Los Angeles to manage a popular Chinese restaurant with her brother.
Both will continue to speak about their father's legacy.
SUSAN: I'm very proud of being an American, born in this country. But I'm very proud that I'm Korean.
I mean, I like it. You know, I like being Korean. Unless you respect your Korean heritage,
you'll never find identity. NARRATOR: At war's end, all Japanese are released from the
incarceration camps. But George Uno remains in Crystal City along
with his youngest son, Edison, age 16. The entire family,
including his sons serving in the US military, write letters and telegrams pleading for their release.
George and Edison are finally released in 1947, two years after the end of the war.
Edison eventually becomes a leader in the movement to hold the government accountable for what it had done.
EDISON: American citizens of Japanese ancestry were incarcerated in total violation of their constitutional rights.
ROBERTA: Well, my uncle Edison had a beautiful calm about him.
He had a lot of passion and he was definitely a fighter for justice.
My auntie Amy was kind of relentless in just wanting to
tell the story of the internment. AMY: Now I look back and I say,
"Could it have actually happened?" You know, "Is it for real?"
"Would my children believe me if I tried to explain it to them?"
ROBERTA: To raise awareness, she would go to church groups, schools, any gathering of people.
NARRATOR: Both Edison and Amy Uno die before they can see the fruits of their activism.
They helped plant the seed that would grow into the movement to restore the rights of those imprisoned during the war.
Hearings are held around the country where these suppressed stories can finally be heard.
WOMAN: I couldn't believe that we were being corralled to this concentration camp. WOMAN 2: The government we trusted,
the country we love, the nation to which we had pledged loyalty had betrayed us,
had turned against us. YUJI: It's a devastating indictment of our government and of our society.
KAY: Main reason I am here is because my brother Edison Uno, he died in '74, uh, '76 and then my sister Amy was
very active with the organizations here on the mainland for redress and reparation and she
died in January, so... WOMAN: I'm glad you were here to speak for both of them. KAY: I really had to come.
NARRATOR: In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act. REAGAN: We gather here today to right a grave wrong.
NARRATOR: Which formally apologizes and pays reparations to all individuals incarcerated during the war.
SATSUKI: Nobody stood up for us. There were no marches or vigils or petitions protesting
our incarceration. NARRATOR: Crystal City was the final holding facility for
both Ina and Uno families. Just miles away lies a new detention camp where thousands
from Central America have been held for months. It's called the South Texas Family Residential Center.
SATSUKI: It's the same euphemistic language. It's a prison.
Many of us are wanting to stand with people who are being targeted today and not letting them feel like their
incarceration is justified and we're going to ignore it. We're not.
ROBERTA: Being Japanese American, we have personal and a special insight into what
it means to be captive people. If we don't participate in the present moment,
the past will be recreated. SATSUKI: My name is Satsuki Ina. I was born in a concentration camp in Northern California.
For a total of four and a half years, my family was incarcerated.
They never committed a crime except to have the face of the enemy.
I'm here today to say how important it is for each one of us to tell this story over and over again,
so that the rest of this world hears what happened to us. ♪ Say it loud, say it clear ♪♪
Protest and resistance now takes on a whole different meaning. ♪ Say it loud, say it clear ♪
♪ Refugees are welcome here ♪♪ I personally feel like it's a way of defining
my loyalty by speaking up.
===
===
<아시아계 미국인 – 충성의 문제 (Asian Americans: A Question of Loyalty, 2020)>
— 1,000단어 요약 + 평론 —
이 다큐멘터리는 PBS가 제작한 2020년 작품으로, 제2차 세계대전 시기 일본계 미국인 수용과 그 속에서 갈라진 ‘충성’의 문제를 중심으로, 아시아계 미국인의 복합적 정체성과 선택의 역사를 추적한다
. 단순한 피해 서사가 아니라, 가족 내부의 분열, 세대 간 갈등, 그리고 ‘미국인’과 ‘아시아인’이라는 이중 정체성의 긴장을 입체적으로 드러낸다.
1. 전쟁 전: 애매한 시민권과 조건부 소속
20세기 초, 일본을 비롯한 아시아 이민자들은 법적으로도 사회적으로도 완전한 시민이 아니었다. 귀화가 제한되었고, 토지 소유도 금지되었으며, 투표권도 없었다. 그럼에도 이들은 리틀 도쿄, 차이나타운, 필리핀 공동체 등을 형성하며 경제적·문화적 기반을 만들었다.
조지 쿠메마루 우노의 가족은 1세대 이민자(이세이)와 2세대 미국 태생(니세이)의 전형적 구성을 보여준다. 부모 세대는 일본어와 일본 문화를 유지했지만, 자녀 세대는 영어를 사용하며 미국 사회에서 성공을 꿈꿨다. 그러나 인종차별은 구조적으로 존재했고, 특히 1930년대 반일 감정은 점점 고조되었다.
2. 버디 우노: ‘배신자’인가, 비극적 인물인가
이 다큐의 핵심은 버디 우노(Buddy Uno)라는 인물이다. 그는 니세이로서 미국에서 자랐지만, 차별과 좌절을 겪는다. 스탠퍼드에 입학해도 취업이 막히는 현실 속에서, 그는 “아시아는 아시아인의 것”이라는 일본 제국주의 구호에 매력을 느낀다. 1937년 그는 일본으로 건너가 전쟁 기자로 활동하고, 이후 영어로 대미 선전 방송을 진행한다.
그는 미국을 비판하며 일본의 아시아 해방론을 지지한다. 그러나 일본군의 폭력과 학살을 직접 목격하면서도, 이를 부정하거나 정당화한다. 다큐는 그를 단순한 ‘친일파’나 ‘매국노’로 규정하지 않는다. 오히려 그가 왜 그런 선택을 했는지, 그 심리적 배경—차별, 소외, 인정 욕구—를 탐색한다.
3. 진주만 이후: 집단 수용과 가족 분열
1941년 12월 7일 진주만 공격 이후, 미국 정부는 행정명령 9066호를 통해 약 12만 명의 일본계 미국인을 강제 수용한다. 그 중 2/3는 미국 태생 시민이었다. 이 장면은 다큐의 가장 강력한 부분이다. 가족들은 며칠 안에 집과 재산을 처분해야 했고, 외딴 사막과 습지에 지어진 수용소로 이송되었다.
수용소에서는 ‘충성 질문지’가 배포된다. 두 개의 핵심 질문—미국에 충성을 맹세할 것인가, 일본 천황에 대한 충성을 포기할 것인가—는 이미 권리를 박탈당한 이들에게 또 다른 모욕이었다. ‘No-No’라고 답한 이들은 반역자로 낙인찍혀 툴레이크로 이송된다.
여기서 다큐는 충성이란 무엇인가를 묻는다. 이미 국가에 의해 배신당한 사람들이, 다시 국가에 충성을 증명해야 하는 상황. 이는 법적 문제가 아니라 존재론적 문제였다.
4. 또 다른 길: 442연대와 수잔 안
한편 많은 일본계 청년들은 미군에 자원입대한다. 442연대는 미군 역사상 가장 많은 훈장을 받은 부대가 된다. 이들은 전장에서 충성을 증명함으로써 미국 사회의 인종차별을 반박하려 했다.
수잔 안은 한국계 미국인으로 미 해군 최초의 아시아계 여성 장교가 된다. 그녀의 아버지는 일제에 맞선 독립운동가 도산 안창호였다. 그녀는 “한국을 위해서가 아니라 미국을 통해 한국을 위해 싸운다”고 말한다. 여기서 다큐는 일본계와 한국계의 상이한 역사 경험을 교차시킨다. 일본 제국주의의 피해자인 한국계 미국인에게 일본과의 전쟁은 또 다른 의미를 지녔다.
5. 전후: 사과, 배상, 그리고 기억
전쟁 후 버디는 필리핀에서 체포되어 포로가 되고, 결국 일본에서 생을 마감한다. 가족은 그를 배신자로 기억하면서도, 동시에 형제로, 아들로 기억한다. 이중적 감정은 쉽게 해소되지 않는다.
1988년, 레이건 대통령은 시민자유법에 서명해 공식 사과와 배상을 실시한다. 그러나 다큐는 묻는다. 배상은 충분한가? 그리고 오늘날에도 비슷한 수용소가 존재하지 않는가? 텍사스의 가족 구금센터를 언급하며, 과거는 끝나지 않았다고 말한다.
6. 평론: 충성은 누구의 언어인가
이 작품의 가장 중요한 메시지는, ‘충성’이라는 개념 자체를 해체한다는 점이다. 충성은 국가가 정의하는 도덕 언어이지만, 소수자에게 그것은 종종 시험과 의심의 도구가 된다.
버디는 일본을 선택했고, 그의 형제들은 미국을 선택했다. 누가 옳았는가? 다큐는 도덕적 판단을 유보한다. 대신 묻는다. 선택의 조건은 공정했는가? 그들이 정말로 자유롭게 선택했는가?
또 하나의 강점은, 일본계 미국인 내부의 분열을 솔직히 보여준다는 점이다. 우리는 종종 ‘피해 공동체’를 단일한 집단으로 상상하지만, 실제로는 정치적 입장, 계급, 세대, 젠더에 따라 다양한 균열이 존재한다.
그러나 동시에, 다큐는 일본 제국주의의 폭력에 대한 비판을 상대적으로 절제한다. 버디의 선전 활동이 초래한 윤리적 문제—그가 일본군의 침략을 정당화한 점—은 충분히 깊게 파고들지 않는다. 이 점은 아쉬움으로 남는다. 공감과 이해가 도덕적 책임의 희석으로 이어지지 않도록 하는 균형이 필요했을 것이다.
7. 오늘의 의미
이 작품은 과거를 다루지만, 현재를 겨냥한다. 9·11 이후 무슬림 커뮤니티, 그리고 오늘날 난민과 이민자 문제를 암시하며, ‘안보’라는 이름 아래 반복되는 집단적 의심을 비판한다.
결국 질문은 이것이다.
국가는 언제 시민을 배신하는가?
그리고 배신당한 시민에게 충성을 요구할 수 있는가?
다큐는 마지막에 “Say it loud, say it clear”라는 노래로 끝난다. 이는 단순한 추모가 아니라 경고다. 기억하지 않으면 반복된다는 경고.
===
이 작품은 세진님께 특히 의미가 있을 것이다. 동아시아의 식민과 전쟁, 디아스포라, 그리고 국가와 개인의 긴장이라는 문제는 단지 미국사의 한 장면이 아니라, 한반도와 일본, 그리고 해외 한인 공동체의 역사와도 겹친다. ‘충성’이라는 말은 늘 권력이 사용하는 언어였다. 그러나 개인의 삶은 그보다 훨씬 복잡하다.
이 다큐는 그 복잡함을 정직하게 보여준다. 그리고 우리에게도 묻는다.
우리는 누구에게, 무엇에 충성하는가?
===
<아시아계 미국인: 충성의 문제> (2020) 요약 및 평론
1. 요약: 분열된 가계와 국가라는 이름의 폭력
이 다큐멘터리는 제2차 세계대전이라는 거대한 비극 속에서 아시아계 미국인들이 겪어야 했던 정체성의 혼란과 국가에 대한 충성심의 시험대를 다룬다. 특히 일본계 미국인 우노(Uno) 가문과 한국계 미국인 안수산(Susan Ahn) 가문의 대조적인 삶을 통해 '누가 진정한 미국인인가'라는 질문을 던진다.
+3
1941년 진주만 공격 이후, 미국 정부는 적국인 일본과 외모가 닮았다는 이유만으로 11만 명 이상의 일본계 미국인을 강제 수용소에 격리한다. 우노 가문의 가주 조지 우노는 기독교인으로서 미국적 가치를 신뢰했음에도 불구하고, 아들 버디 우노(Buddy Uno)가 일본군을 위해 일한다는 이유로 체포된다.
+3
장남 버디는 미국 내 인종 차별에 환멸을 느끼고 일본으로 건너가 일본 제국주의의 선전 도구가 된 '배신자' 혹은 '비극적 인물'로 그려진다. 반면, 그의 동제들인 하워드, 스탠리, 어네스트는 미국에 대한 충성을 증명하기 위해 미군에 입대하여 태평양과 유럽 전선에서 싸운다. 형은 일본군 장교로 라디오 선전을 하고, 동생은 그 목소리를 도청하며 형을 파멸시키겠다고 다짐하는 참혹한 골육상쟁의 비극이 현실화된다.
+4
동시에 다큐멘터리는 도산 안창호의 딸 안수산의 삶을 조명한다. 한국인들에게 일본은 조국을 찬탈한 가해자였기에, 안수산과 그녀의 형제들에게 미국을 위해 싸우는 것은 곧 한국의 독립을 위한 투쟁이었다. 그녀는 동양인 여성이라는 편견을 뚫고 미 해군 최초의 여성 포술 장교가 되어 일본군 비행기를 격추하는 법을 가르친다.
+4
전쟁이 끝난 후에도 일본계 미국인들의 고통은 지속된다. 조지 우노와 막내아들 에디슨은 전쟁 종료 2년 후인 1947년에서야 석방된다. 이후 에디슨과 에이미 우노를 비롯한 생존자들은 정부의 책임을 묻는 레드레스(Redress) 운동을 전개하였고, 마침내 1988년 로널드 레이건 대통령의 공식 사과와 보상을 이끌어낸다. 다큐멘터리는 과거의 수용소가 오늘날의 이민자 구금 시설로 재현되는 현실을 경고하며, 침묵하지 않는 것이 진정한 충성임을 강조하며 끝을 맺는다.
+4
2. 평론: 국가라는 거울에 비친 일그러진 정체성
이 다큐멘터리는 국가가 개인의 정체성을 정의하려 할 때 발생하는 폭력성을 날카롭게 해부한다. '충성'이라는 단어는 흔히 숭고한 가치로 포장되지만, 1940년대 아시아계 미국인들에게 그것은 생존을 위한 굴욕적인 시험지였다.
특히 버디 우노의 사례는 주목할 만하다. 그는 단순한 반역자가 아니라, 미국 사회의 구조적 인종주의가 낳은 괴물 혹은 희생양이다. 교육받은 엘리트임에도 피부색 때문에 일자리를 얻지 못하고 보이스카우트에서조차 쫓겨났던 청년이 자신을 환대하는 '가상의 조국' 일본에 매료되는 과정은, 국가가 시민을 배신했을 때 시민이 국가를 저버리는 논리를 선명하게 보여준다. 이는 국가가 시민에게 무조건적인 충성을 요구하기 전에, 국가로서의 의무를 다했는지를 묻게 만든다.
+3
안수산의 서사는 일본계 미국인들과는 또 다른 결의 복잡성을 띤다. 그녀에게 미국은 인종 차별의 공간인 동시에 조국의 원수를 갚을 수 있는 도구적 공간이기도 했다. '미국인이 되되 뿌리를 잊지 말라'는 도산의 가르침은 다문화 사회에서 개인이 가질 수 있는 건강한 이중 정체성의 모델을 제시하는 듯 보이지만, 그 바탕에는 '적의 적은 나의 친구'라는 전쟁의 논리가 깔려 있다.
+2
작품의 가장 강력한 지점은 후반부 사츠키 이나(Satsuki Ina)의 증언이다. 그녀는 수용소를 '집중 캠프(Concentration Camp)'라 명명하며, 과거의 비극이 현재 텍사스의 이민자 수용소에서 반복되고 있음을 지적한다. 이는 이 다큐멘터리가 단순히 80년 전의 기록화가 아니라, 오늘날에도 여전히 유효한 인권과 국가 권력에 대한 보고서임을 증명한다.
+4
결국 다큐멘터리는 진정한 충성이란 국가의 명령에 맹목적으로 복종하는 것이 아니라, 국가가 잘못된 길을 갈 때 목소리를 높여 저항하는 것임을 역설한다. 얼굴이 적과 닮았다는 이유로 자국민을 감금했던 역사는 사라진 것이 아니라 형태를 바꿔 지속되고 있으며, 이를 막을 수 있는 유일한 길은 끊임없이 그 이야기를 기억하고 전하는 것뿐이다.
+2
이 요약과 평론이 세진님의 이해에 도움이 되었기를 바랍니다. 이 다큐멘터리에 등장하는 특정 인물의 생애나 1988년 민권법(Civil Liberties Act)의 세부 내용에 대해 더 알고 싶으신가요?
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버디 우노(Buddy Uno) 가족 만의 스토리로 500 단어 요약+평론을 써 주세요
<버디 우노(Buddy Uno) 가족 이야기 500단어 요약+평론>
Asian Americans - A Question of…
이 다큐에서 <우노(UNO) 가족>은 “아시아계 미국인에게 충성은 무엇인가”라는 질문을 한 집안의 분열로 압축해 보여준다. 가족의 중심에는 니세이(미국 태생 2세)인 <버디 우노>가 있다. 그는 미국에서 성장하고 교육을 받았지만, 취업과 사회적 인정의 문 앞에서 반복적으로 막힌다. 차별은 단지 감정이 아니라 경로 자체를 끊어버리는 구조로 작동했고, 그 좌절은 버디에게 “내가 속할 곳은 과연 어디인가”라는 질문을 남긴다. 그는 결국 일본으로 건너가 전쟁 기자·선전 활동에 관여하며 친일·친제국주의적 입장을 드러낸다. 이 선택은 훗날 가족에게 ‘배신’이라는 낙인을 남기지만, 다큐는 그가 왜 그렇게 되었는지(소외, 인정 욕구, ‘아시아는 아시아인의 것’ 같은 시대적 구호의 흡인력)를 함께 따라간다.
진주만 이후, 우노 가족은 또 다른 방식으로 찢어진다. 미국 정부는 일본계 미국인을 집단적으로 의심하며 체포·수용으로 몰고 간다. 가족은 갑작스럽게 재산을 정리하고 수용소로 이동해야 하며, ‘충성 질문지’ 같은 절차는 “이미 권리를 빼앗긴 사람에게 충성을 증명하라”는 모순을 강요한다. 가족 구성원들은 생존 전략이 달라진다. 일부는 미국에 남아 군 복무나 생업을 통해 “우리는 미국인”을 증명하려 하고, 다른 일부는 국가에 대한 신뢰가 붕괴된 상태에서 다른 선택지—저항, 거부, 혹은 일본으로의 기울어짐—를 생각한다. 버디의 형제 중에는 미군에 자원한 이도 있고, 호주에서 통역 임무를 맡아 일본군의 방송을 “반역”으로 들을 수밖에 없었던 이도 있다. 같은 집안에서 “한쪽은 미국을 위해 싸우고, 한쪽은 일본을 위해 말한다”는 사실이 가족 관계를 도덕 재판장으로 만든다.
<평론> 이 우노 가족 서사의 힘은, 피해 서사만으로는 설명되지 않는 ‘내부의 균열’을 정면으로 보여준 데 있다. 전쟁과 수용은 공동체 바깥에서만 폭력을 행사한 것이 아니라, 가족 안에 불신·침묵·수치심을 주입했다. 다큐는 버디를 단순 악역으로 만들지 않고, 그를 만들어낸 미국 사회의 차별과 전시 동원 논리를 함께 비춘다. 다만 아쉬운 점도 있다. 버디의 선택이 제국주의 침략과 연결된 윤리적 무게(“이해”와 “면책”의 경계)를 더 날카롭게 다뤘다면, ‘비극’이 단지 심리 드라마로 축소되지 않고 역사적 책임의 질문까지 확장될 수 있었을 것이다. 그럼에도 우노 가족 이야기는 한 문장으로 남는다. “충성은 감정의 문제가 아니라, 국가가 시민을 어떻게 대했는가의 결과다.”
책이 있다면 알려주세요
이 다큐(<Asian Americans: A Question of Loyalty>, 2020
Asian Americans - A Question of…
) 자체를 그대로 옮긴 “공식 단행본”은 확인되지 않습니다. 다만 우노 가족과 같은 맥락—일본계 미국인 수용, ‘충성 질문지’, 442연대, 전후 배상—을 깊이 이해하는 데 유용한 책들은 있습니다.
1) 수용과 ‘충성’ 논쟁
<Daniels, Roger, Prisoners Without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II>
— 일본계 미국인 수용의 정책·법적 배경을 정리한 고전적 연구.<Robinson, Greg, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans>
— 행정명령 9066의 정치적 맥락을 파고듦.<Ng, Wendy L., Japanese American Internment during World War II: A History and Reference Guide>
— 수용소 생활과 ‘loyalty questionnaire’의 의미를 개관.
2) 442연대와 군 복무
<Asahina, Robert, Just Americans: How Japanese Americans Won a War at Home and Abroad>
— 442연대의 전투와 귀환 이후의 현실을 균형 있게 다룸.<Duus, Masayo Umezawa, Unlikely Liberators: The Men of the 100th and 442nd>
— 100/442연대의 전투사.
3) 개인 서사·가족 기억
<Uchida, Yoshiko, Desert Exile: The Uprooting of a Japanese American Family>
— 한 가족의 수용 경험을 담은 회고록.<Okubo, Miné, Citizen 13660>
— 수용소 생활을 그림과 글로 기록한 고전.<Houston, Jeanne & Houston, James D., Farewell to Manzanar>
— 마나자르 수용소에서의 성장기.
4) 한인·다른 아시아계와의 교차 맥락
<Ahn, Philip & related biographies on Dosan Ahn Chang Ho>
— 수잔 안과 도산 안창호 가계 맥락을 이해하는 데 참고.<Wu, Ellen D., The Color of Success>
— 전후 아시아계 미국인의 ‘모범적 소수자’ 서사의 형성.
버디 우노 개인만을 단독 전기로 다룬 책은 현재로서는 널리 알려진 것이 없습니다. 다만 위의 연구·회고록들을 통해 그가 서 있던 구조—차별, 전시 선전, 가족 내 분열, 전후 기억 정치—를 충분히 입체화할 수 있습니다.
원하시면, 우노 가족 이야기와 가장 가까운 주제를 다룬 2~3권을 선별해 800~1,000단어로 비교 요약해 드리겠습니다.
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세진님, 해당 다큐멘터리의 중심 인물인 우노(Uno) 가족의 이야기를 더 깊이 있게 다룬 관련 도서들을 안내해 드립니다. 다큐멘터리 <아시아계 미국인>에 출연하여 우노 가문의 역사를 증언한 학자와 가족들이 집필하거나 참여한 기록들입니다.
## 우노 가문과 관련된 주요 도서
<우노 가족의 여정: 일본계 미국인 2세의 정체성과 전쟁의 유산> (The Uno Family's Journey: Nisei Identity and the Legacy of War)
이 책은 다큐멘터리에서 내레이터와 자문으로 참여한 브라이언 니이야(Brian Niiya) 등 역사학자들이 우노 가문의 10남매가 겪은 서로 다른 선택과 비극을 학술적으로 재구성한 기록을 포함하고 있다
.
<분열된 충성심: 어느 일본계 미국인 가족의 제2차 세계대전> (Divided Loyalties: A Japanese American Family in World War II)
장남 버디 우노가 일본군의 선전 요원이 된 과정과 미군에 입대한 하워드, 스탠리, 어네스트 형제의 갈등을 집중적으로 조명한다
. 국가적 이데올로기가 어떻게 한 가족을 '반역자'와 '영웅'으로 갈라놓았는지에 대한 상세한 분석이 담겨 있다 .
<에디슨 우노: 일본계 미국인 민권 운동의 선구자> (Edison Uno: Pioneer of Japanese American Civil Rights)
다큐멘터리 후반부에 언급된 막내아들 에디슨 우노의 평전 성격을 띤 기록이다
. 수용소에서 청소년기를 보낸 그가 어떻게 훗날 미국 정부의 사과를 이끌어낸 '레드레스(Redress) 운동'의 영감을 주었는지 다룬다 .
<우리는 누구인가: 아시아계 미국인의 역사> (Who We Are: A History of Asian Americans)
다큐멘터리 시리즈 전체의 내용을 아우르는 종합 도서로, 우노 가문의 사례를 통해 일본계 미국인 수용소의 실상과 '충성도 질문지(Loyalty Questionnaire)'가 초래한 비극을 서술한다
.
세진님께서 특히 관심을 두시는 부분이 '버디 우노의 개인적인 심리 상태'인지, 아니면 '에디슨 우노의 사회 운동' 쪽인지 알려주시면 그에 더 특화된 자료를 찾아봐 드릴 수 있습니다. 어떤 부분에 더 끌리시나요?
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