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Thomas Sowell - Wikipedia

Thomas Sowell - Wikipedia

Thomas Sowell

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Not to be confused with Thomas Sewell (disambiguation).
Thomas Sowell
A dark haired man, wearing glasses and a suit and tie, looks into the camera
Sowell in 1964
BornJune 30, 1930 (age 92)
Gastonia, North Carolina, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic (until 1972)
Unaffiliated (1972–present)
Spouse(s)
Alma Parr
​
​
(m. 1964; div. 1975)​

Mary Ash
 
​
(m. 1981)​
Children2
Institutions
Field
School or
tradition		Chicago School of Economics
Alma mater
Doctoral
advisor		George Stigler
Influences
Contributions
See List
Awards
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Marine Corps
Years of service1951–1952
Battles/warsKorean War
WebsiteOfficial website
Notes
  1. ^ Sowell was first a member of the Hoover Institution as a fellow in April of 1977. He became a Senior fellow in September 1980.
Part of a series on the
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Thomas Sowell (/soʊl/; born June 30, 1930) is an American author, economist, political commentator, social theorist, and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution of Stanford University.[1]

Sowell was born in Gastonia, North Carolina, to a poor family. After his family migrated to the North, he grew up in Harlem, New York.[2] Beleaguered by financial difficulties and deteriorated home conditions, he dropped out of Stuyvesant High School and served in the Marine Corps during the Korean War. Upon returning to the United States, Sowell took night classes at Howard University before attending Harvard University, graduating magna cum laude in 1958.[3] He earned his master's degree in economics from Columbia University the next year and received a doctorate in economics from the University of Chicago in 1968.

Sowell has served on the faculties of several universities, including Cornell University, Amherst College, the University of California, Los Angeles, and, currently, Stanford University. He has also worked at think tanks such as the Urban Institute. Since 1977, he has worked at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he is the Rose and Milton Friedman Senior Fellow on Public Policy.

Sowell is generally described as a conservative.[4][5] (Sowell himself has said he may be best labeled as a libertarian, though disagreeing with libertarians on some issues.[6]) He was an important figure to the new conservative movement during the Reagan Era, influencing fellow economist Walter Williams and U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas.[7][8] Sowell was offered a presidential position in the Nixon Administration and as Federal Trade Commissioner by the Ford Administration in 1976, but declined both offers.[9] Similarly, he was offered to head the U.S. Department of Education as Secretary of Education under Ronald Reagan, but refused to take the position.[10] He was a recipient of the National Humanities Medal from President George W. Bush in 2002.[11][a]

Sowell is the author of more than 45 books[b] and has been a syndicated columnist in more than 150 newspapers.[12][13]

Early life[edit]

Sowell was born into a poor family in segregated Gastonia, North Carolina.[14][2] His father died shortly before he was born, leaving behind Sowell's mother, a housemaid who already had four children. A great-aunt and her two grown daughters adopted Sowell and raised him.[2] His mother died a few years later of complications while giving birth to another child.[15] In his autobiography, A Personal Odyssey, Sowell wrote that his childhood encounters with white people were so limited that he did not know blond was a hair color.[16] He recalls that his first memories were living in a small wooden house in Charlotte, North Carolina, which he says was typical of most Black neighborhoods.[15] It was located on an unpaved street and had no electricity or running water.[15] When Sowell was nine years old, he and his extended family moved from Charlotte, North Carolina, to Harlem, New York City, for greater opportunities, joining in the large-scale trend of African-American migration from the American South to the North. Family quarrels forced him and his aunt to room in other people's apartments.[15]

He qualified for Stuyvesant High School, a prestigious academic high school in New York City; he was the first in his family to study beyond the sixth grade. However, he was forced to drop out at age 17 because of financial difficulties and family quarreling.[2] He worked a number of odd jobs, including long hours at a machine shop, and as a delivery man for Western Union.[17] He also tried out for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1948.[18] Sowell was drafted into the armed services in 1951 during the Korean War and was assigned to the U.S. Marine Corps. Although Sowell opposed the war and experienced racial discrimination, he was able to find fulfillment as a photographer, which eventually became his favorite hobby.[2][15] He was honorably discharged from his duties in 1952.[15]

Higher education and early career[edit]

After his honorable discharge, Sowell took a civil service job in Washington, DC and attended night classes at Howard University, a historically black college.[19] His high scores on the College Board exams and recommendations by two professors helped him gain admission to Harvard University, where he graduated magna cum laude in 1958 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics.[2][20] He earned a master's degree from Columbia University the following year.[20] Sowell had initially chosen Columbia University to study under George Stigler, who would later receive the Nobel Prize in Economics, but when he learned that Stigler had moved to the University of Chicago, he followed him there and, when he arrived in the fall of 1959, studied for his Doctor of Philosophy degree under both Stigler and Milton Friedman.[21]

Sowell has said that he was a Marxist "during the decade of my 20s"; accordingly, one of his earliest professional publications was a sympathetic examination of Marxist thought vs. Marxist–Leninist practice.[22] What began to change his mind toward supporting free market economics, he said, was studying the possible impact of minimum wages on unemployment of sugar industry workers in Puerto Rico, as a U.S. Department of Labor intern. Workers at the department were surprised by his questioning, he said, and he concluded that "they certainly weren't going to engage in any scrutiny of the law".[6]

Sowell ultimately received his Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) in economics from the University of Chicago in 1968.[20] His dissertation was titled "Say's Law and the General Glut Controversy".[23]

Academic career[edit]

From 1965 to 1969, Sowell was an assistant professor of economics at Cornell University. Writing 30 years later about the 1969 seizure of Willard Straight Hall by black students at Cornell, Sowell characterized the students as "hoodlums" with "serious academic problems [who were] admitted under lower academic standards", and noted "it so happens that the pervasive racism that black students supposedly encountered at every turn on campus and in town was not apparent to me during the four years that I taught at Cornell and lived in Ithaca."[24]

Sowell has taught economics at Howard University, Rutgers, Cornell, Brandeis University, Amherst College, and the University of California, Los Angeles. At Howard, Sowell wrote, he was offered the position as head of the economic department, but he declined.[25] Since 1980, he has been a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he holds a fellowship named after Rose and Milton Friedman, his mentor.[20][26] In addition, Sowell appeared several times on William F. Buckley Jr.'s show Firing Line, during which he discussed the economics of race and privatization. Sowell has written that he gradually lost faith in the academic system, citing low academic standards and counterproductive university bureaucracy, and he resolved to leave teaching after his time at the University of California, Los Angeles.[25] In A Personal Odyssey, he recounts, "I had come to Amherst, basically, to find reasons to continue teaching. What I found instead were more reasons to abandon an academic career.”[25]

In 1987, Sowell testified in favor of federal appeals court judge Robert Bork during the hearings for Bork's nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court. In his testimony, Sowell said that Bork was "the most highly qualified nominee of this generation" and that what he viewed as judicial activism, a concept that Bork opposed as a self-described originalist and textualist, "has not been beneficial to minorities."[27]

In a review of Sowell's 1987 book, A Conflict of Visions, Larry D. Nachman in Commentary magazine described Sowell as a leading representative of the Chicago school of economics.[28]

Writings and thought[edit]

Clarence Thomas (last on right) accepting the 2002 National Humanities Medal on Sowell's behalf

Themes of Sowell's writing range from social policy on race, ethnic groups, education, and decision-making, to classical and Marxian economics, to the problems of children perceived as having disabilities.

Sowell had a nationally syndicated column distributed by Creators Syndicate that was published in Forbes magazine, National Review, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Times, The New York Post, and other major newspapers, as well as online on websites such as RealClearPolitics, Townhall, WorldNetDaily, and the Jewish World Review.[29] Sowell commented on current issues, which include liberal media bias;[30] judicial activism (while defending originalism);[31] intact dilation and extraction (commonly known and described in U.S. federal law as, partial-birth abortion);[32] minimum wage; universal health care; the tension between government policies, programs, and protections and familial autonomy; affirmative action; government bureaucracy;[33] gun control;[34] militancy in U.S. foreign policy; the war on drugs; and multiculturalism.[35] According to The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, Sowell was the most cited black economist between 1991 and 1995, and second most cited between 1971 and 1990.[36]

On December 27, 2016, Sowell announced the end of his syndicated column, writing that, at age 86, "the question is not why I am quitting, but why I kept at it so long," and cited a desire to focus on his photography hobby.[13]

A documentary detailing his career entitled "Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World" was released on January 25, 2021, by the Free to Choose Network.[37][38]

Economic and political ideology[edit]

Until the Spring of 1972, Sowell was a registered Democrat, after which he then left the Democratic Party and resolved not to associate with any political party again, stating "I was so disgusted with both candidates that I didn't vote at all."[9] Though he is often described as a black conservative, Sowell said, "I prefer not to have labels, but I suspect that 'libertarian' would suit me better than many others, although I disagree with the libertarian movement on a number of things."[6] He has been described as one of the most prominent advocates of contemporary classical liberalism along with Friedrich Hayek and Larry Arnhart.[39] Sowell primarily writes on economic subjects, generally advocating a free market approach to capitalism.[40] Sowell opposes the Federal Reserve, arguing that it has been unsuccessful in preventing economic depressions and limiting inflation.[41] Sowell described his study of Karl Marx in his autobiography; as a former Marxist who early in his career became disillusioned with it, he emphatically opposes Marxism, providing a critique in his book Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (1985).

Sowell has also written a trilogy of books on ideologies and political positions, including A Conflict of Visions, in which he speaks on the origins of political strife; The Vision of the Anointed, in which he compares the conservative/libertarian and liberal/progressive worldviews; and The Quest for Cosmic Justice, in which, as in many of his other writings, he outlines his thesis of the need felt by intellectuals, politicians, and leaders to fix and perfect the world in utopian and ultimately, he posits, disastrous fashions. Separate from the trilogy, but also in discussion of the subject, he wrote Intellectuals and Society, building on his earlier work, in which he discusses what he argues to be the blind hubris and follies of intellectuals in a variety of areas.

His book Knowledge and Decisions, a winner of the 1980 Law and Economics Center Prize, was heralded as a "landmark work," selected for this prize "because of its cogent contribution to our understanding of the differences between the market process and the process of government." In announcing the award, the centre acclaimed Sowell, whose "contribution to our understanding of the process of regulation alone would make the book important, but in reemphasizing the diversity and efficiency that the market makes possible, [his] work goes deeper and becomes even more significant."[42] Friedrich Hayek wrote: "In a wholly original manner [Sowell] succeeds in translating abstract and theoretical argument into highly concrete and realistic discussion of the central problems of contemporary economic policy."[43]

Sowell opposes the imposition of minimum wages by governments, arguing in his book Basic Economics that "Unfortunately, the real minimum wage is always zero, regardless of the laws, and that is the wage that many workers receive in the wake of the creation or escalation of a government-mandated minimum wage, because they either lose their jobs or fail to find jobs when they enter the labor force."[44] He goes further to argue that minimum wages disproportionately affect "members of racial or ethnic minority groups" that have been discriminated against. He asserts that "Before federal minimum wage laws were instituted in the 1930s, the black unemployment rate was slightly lower than the white unemployment rate in 1930. But then followed the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931, the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933 and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 – all of which imposed government-mandated minimum wages, either on a particular sector or more broadly... By 1954, black unemployment rates were double those of whites and have continued to be at that level or higher. Those particularly hard hit by the resulting unemployment have been black teenage males."[45]

Sowell also favors decriminalization of all drugs.[46] He opposes gun control laws, arguing, "On net balance, they do not save lives, but cost lives."[34]

Race and ethnicity[edit]

Sowell argues that systemic racism is an untested, questionable hypothesis that is a piece of propaganda pushed on the American people. Sowell has said that "it really has no meaning that can be specified and tested in the way that one tests hypotheses" and "it's one of many words that I don't think even the people who use it have any clear idea what they're saying". He has argued that it is a propaganda tactic akin to those used by Joseph Goebbels because it comes with an attitude that it must be "repeated long enough and loud enough" until it is believed and people "cave in" to it.[47][48]

In several of his works—including The Economics and Politics of Race (1983), Ethnic America (1981), Affirmative Action Around the World (2004), and other books—Sowell challenges the notion that black progress is due to progressive government programs or policies. He claims that many problems identified with blacks in modern society are not unique, neither in terms of American ethnic groups, nor in terms of a rural proletariat struggling with disruption as it became urbanized, as discussed in his Black Rednecks and White Liberals (2005).

Sowell also writes on racial topics, typically critical of affirmative action and race-based quotas.[49][50] He takes strong issue with the notion of government as a helper or savior of minorities, arguing that the historical record shows quite the opposite. In Affirmative Action Around the World,[51] Sowell holds that affirmative action affects more groups than is commonly understood, though its impacts occur through different mechanisms, and has long since ceased to favor blacks.

One of the few policies that can be said to harm virtually every group in a different way. … Obviously, whites and Asians lose out when you have preferential admission for black students or Hispanic students—but blacks and Hispanics lose out because what typically happens is the students who have all the credentials to succeed in college are admitted to colleges where the standards are so much higher that they fail.[52]

In Intellectuals and Race (2013), Sowell argues that intelligence quotient (IQ) gaps are hardly startling or unusual between, or within, ethnic groups. He notes that the roughly 15-point gap in contemporary black–white IQ scores is similar to that between the national average and the scores of certain ethnic white groups in years past, in periods when the nation was absorbing new immigrants.[53]

Late-talking and the Einstein syndrome[edit]

Sowell wrote The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late, a follow-up to his Late-Talking Children, discussing a condition he termed the Einstein syndrome. This book investigates the phenomenon of late-talking children, frequently misdiagnosed with autism or pervasive developmental disorder. He includes the research of Stephen Camarata and Steven Pinker, among others, in this overview of a poorly understood developmental trait. It is a trait which he says affected many historical figures who developed prominent careers, such as physicists Albert Einstein,[54] Edward Teller, and Richard Feynman; mathematician Julia Robinson; and musicians Arthur Rubinstein and Clara Schumann. He makes the case for the theory that some children develop unevenly (asynchronous development) for a period in childhood due to rapid and extraordinary development in the analytical functions of the brain. This may temporarily "rob resources" from neighboring functions such as language development. Sowell disagrees with Simon Baron-Cohen's speculation that Einstein may have had Asperger syndrome.[55]

Politics[edit]

In a 2009 column titled "The Bush Legacy", Sowell assessed President George W. Bush as "a mixed bag" but "an honorable man."[56] Sowell was strongly critical of Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump and begrudgingly endorsed Ted Cruz in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, criticizing him as well, and stating that "we can only make our choices among those actually available".[57] Sowell indicated that he would vote in the general election against Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, due to fears about the appointments Clinton would possibly make to the Supreme Court.

In 2018, he named George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Ronald Reagan, and Calvin Coolidge as presidents he liked.[58]

In 2020, Sowell wrote that if the Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election, it could signal a point of no return for the United States, a tipping point akin to the fall of the Roman Empire. In an interview in July 2020, he stated that "the Roman Empire overcame many problems in its long history but eventually it reached a point where it could no longer continue, and much of that was from within, not just the barbarians attacking from outside." Sowell wrote that if Biden became president, the Democratic Party would have an enormous amount of control over the nation, and if this happened, they could twin with the "radical left" and ideas such as defunding the police could come to fruition.[48][59]

Donald Trump[edit]

During the Republican primary of the 2016 presidential election, Sowell criticized Donald Trump, questioning whether Trump had "any principles at all, other than promoting Donald Trump?"[60] Two weeks before the 2016 presidential election, Sowell recommended voters to vote for Trump over Hillary Clinton. In 2018, when asked on his thoughts of Trump's presidency, Sowell replied, "I think he's better than the previous president."[4]

During interviews in 2019, Sowell defended Trump against charges of racism.[61][62]

Education[edit]

Sowell has written about education throughout his career. He has argued for the need for reform of the school system in the United States. In his latest book, Charter Schools and Their Enemies (2020), Sowell compares the educational outcomes of school children educated at charter schools with those at conventional public schools. In his research, Sowell first explains the need and his methodology for choosing comparable students—both ethnically and socioeconomically—before listing his findings. He presents the case that charter schools on the whole do significantly better in terms of educational outcomes than conventional schools.[63][64][65]

Sowell argues that many U.S. schools are failing children; contends that "indoctrination" has taken the place of proper education; and argues that teachers' unions have promoted harmful education policies. Sowell contends that many schools have become monopolies for educational bureaucracies.[66]

In his book Education: Assumptions Versus History (1986), Sowell analyzes the state of education in U.S. schools and universities. In particular, he examines the experiences of blacks and other ethnic groups in the American education system and identifies the factors and patterns behind both success and failure.[67]

Reception[edit]

Classical liberals, libertarians, and conservatives of different disciplines have received Sowell's work positively.[68][69][70][71] Among these, he has been noted for his originality, great depth and breadth,[72][73] clarity of expression, and thoroughness of research.[74][73][75] Sowell's publications have been received positively by economists Steven Plaut,[75] Steve H. Hanke[76] James M. Buchanan;[58] and John B. Taylor;[77] philosophers Carl Cohen[78] and Tibor Machan;[79] science historian Michael Shermer;[80] essayist Gerald Early;[81] political scientists Abigail Thernstrom[82] and Charles Murray;[72] psychologists Steven Pinker[83][84] and Jonathan Haidt;[85][86] Josef Joffe, publisher and editor of Die Zeit;[73] and Walter E. Williams, professor of economics at George Mason University.[70]

Conversely, economist James B. Stewart wrote a critical review of Black Rednecks and White Liberals, calling it "the latest salvo in Thomas Sowell's continuing crusade to represent allegedly dysfunctional value orientations and behavioral characteristics of African Americans as the principal reasons for persistent economic and social disparities." He also criticized it for downplaying the impact of slavery.[87] Economist Bernadette Chachere,[88] law professor Richard Thompson Ford,[89] and sociologists William Julius Wilson[90] and Richard Coughlin[91] have criticized some of his work. Criticisms include neglecting discrimination against women in the workforce in Rhetoric or Reality?,[90] the methodology of Race and Culture: A World View,[91] and portrayal of opposing theories in Intellectuals and Race.[89] Economist Jennifer Doleac criticized Discrimination and Disparities, arguing that statistical discrimination is real and pervasive (Sowell argues that existing racial disparities are due to accurate sorting based on underlying characteristics, such as education) and that government intervention can achieve societal goals and make markets work more efficiently.[92] Columnist Steven Pearlstein criticized Wealth, Poverty and Politics.[5]

Steve Forbes, in a 2015 column, stated that "it’s a scandal that economist Thomas Sowell has not been awarded the Nobel Prize. No one alive has turned out so many insightful, richly researched books."[93]

Personal life[edit]

Previously married to Alma Jean Parr from 1964 to 1975, Sowell married Mary Ash in 1981.[94] He has two children, John and Lorraine.[9][95][96]

Legacy and honors[edit]

Career chronology[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Books[edit]

Selected essays[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Sowell declined to be awarded the National Humanities Medal in person. Justice Clarence Thomas received it on his behalf on February 23, 2003.
  2. ^ Including revised and new editions.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Thomas Sowell". Hoover Institution. Retrieved March 14, 2022. He writes on economics, history, social policy, ethnicity, and the history of ideas.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Graglia, Nino A. (Winter 2001). "Profile in courage". Hoover Institution Newsletter. Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on September 9, 2005.
  3. ^ "Thomas Sowell". Hoover Institution.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b Malagisi, Christopher, host. 23 April 2018. "Interview with the Legendary Thomas Sowell: His New Book, His Legacy, and What He Thinks of Trump and the Future of America" (podcast). Ep. 5 in The Conservative Book Club Podcast. US: The Conservative Book Club.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b Pearlstein, Steven (September 4, 2015). "Here's why poor people are poor, says a conservative black academic". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sawhill, Ray (November 10, 1999). "Black and right". Salon.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2000.
  7. ^ Williams, Walter E. (2010). Up from the projects : an autobiography. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-1256-8. OCLC 821216878.
  8. ^ Robin, Corey (2019). The enigma of Clarence Thomas (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-62779-384-1. OCLC 1121044511.
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Thomas Sowell". Q&A. C-SPAN. April 17, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2005.
  10. ^ "Thomas Sowell". Charlie Rose. September 15, 1995.
  11. ^ Wiltz, Teresa (February 28, 2003). "Bush Honors Eight From the Humanities". The Washington Post.
  12. ^ "Thomas Sowell". The National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b "Farewell". Real clear politics. December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  14. ^ "Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present". January 1, 2009. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195167795.001.0001.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "Black History Month Profile: Thomas Sowell". Hoover Institution. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  16. ^ Sowell, A Personal Odyssey, p. 6.
  17. ^ Sowell, A Personal Odyssey, pp. 47, 58, 59, 62.
  18. ^ Nordlinger, Jay. February 21, 2011. "A lion in high summer: Thomas Sowell, charging ahead." National Review 63(3):43–45.
  19. ^ Sowell, Thomas (2000). "A Personal Odyssey from Howard to Harvard and Beyond". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (30): 122–128. doi:10.2307/2679117. ISSN 1077-3711. JSTOR 2679117.
  20. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Sowell, Thomas. "Curriculum vita". TSowell.com. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  21. ^ Riley, Jason (July 2021). "The Conversion of Thomas Sowell". Reason.
  22. ^ Sowell, Thomas. 1963. "Karl Marx and the Freedom of the Individual." Ethics 73(2):120.
  23. ^ Sowell, Thomas (1968). Say's Law and the General Glut Controversy (PhD dissertation). University of Chicago.
  24. ^ Jump up to:a b Sowell, Thomas (May 3, 1999). "The Day Cornell Died". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  25. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sowell, Thomas (2000). A Personal Odyssey. BasicBooks. p. 275. ISBN 9780684864648.
  26. ^ "Thomas Sowell". Hoover Institution. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  27. ^ Greenhouse, Linda (September 26, 1987). "Legal Establishment Divided Over Bork Nomination". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2011. Video of Sowell's testimony at C-SPAN
  28. ^ Nachman, Larry D. March 1987. "'A Conflict of Visions', by Thomas Sowell." Commentary.
  29. ^ "Thomas Sowell". Jewish World Review. November 6, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  30. ^ Sowell, Thomas (October 12, 2004). "The media's role". Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on December 14, 2004. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  31. ^ "Judicial Activism Reconsidered". T Sowell. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  32. ^ Sowell, Thomas (June 4, 2004). "Thomas Sowell : 'Partial truth' abortion". Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on August 13, 2004. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  33. ^ "International Book Award". Get Abstract. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
  34. ^ Jump up to:a b "Do Gun Control Laws Control Guns?". Creators Syndicate. January 22, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  35. ^ "The Cult of Multiculturalism". National Review Online. October 18, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  36. ^ "The Most Highly Cited Black Economists". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (15): 35–37. 1997. doi:10.2307/2962681. JSTOR 2962681 – via JSTOR.
  37. ^ "Coming in 2021: "Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World"". American Enterprise Institute – AEI. July 9, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  38. ^ Network, Free To Choose. "Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World". freetochoosenetwork.org. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  39. ^ Dilley, Stephen. Darwinian Evolution and Classical Liberalism: Theories in Tension. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0739181065.
  40. ^ "Thomas Sowell". Jewish World Review. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  41. ^ "Thomas Sowell: Federal Reserve a 'Cancer'". It makes sense (blog). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  42. ^ "Knowledge and Decisions by Thomas Sowell, 1996". Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  43. ^ Hayek, Friedrich (December 1981). "The Best Book on General Economics in Many a Year". Reason. Vol. 13. Reason Foundation. pp. 47–49.
  44. ^ "Notable & Quotable: Thomas Sowell". Wall Street Journal. April 8, 2016. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  45. ^ "Thomas Sowell on the differential impact of the minimum wage". American Enterprise Institute – AEI. May 31, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  46. ^ Sowell, Thomas (1987); Compassion Versus Guilt, and Other Essays; ISBN 0-688-07114-7.
  47. ^ Chasmar, Jessica (July 13, 2020). "Thomas Sowell: Joe Biden win could signal 'point of no return for this country'". The Washington Times.
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