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Dark Emu (book) - Wikipedia

Dark Emu (book) - Wikipedia

Dark Emu (book)

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Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident?
Dark Emu cover.jpg
AuthorBruce Pascoe
CountryAustralia
LanguageEnglish
GenreNon-fiction
History
Publication date
2014
ISBN1921248017

Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident? is a 2014 non-fiction book by Bruce Pascoe. It reexamines colonial accounts of Aboriginal people in Australia, and cites evidence of pre-colonial agriculture, engineering and building construction by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. A second edition, published under the title Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture was published in mid-2018, and a version of the book for younger readers, entitled Young Dark Emu: A Truer History, was published in 2019. Both the first and the children's editions were shortlisted for major awards, and the former won two awards in the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards.

Editions

The first edition, entitled Dark Emu: Black seeds: agriculture or accident?, was published by Magabala Books in 2014.[1] A second edition, entitled Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture was published in June 2018,[2] and a version of the book for younger readers, entitled Young Dark Emu: A Truer History, was published in 2019.[3] The 2019 version was shortlisted for the 2020 Adelaide Festival Awards for Literature in the Children's Literature Award section.[4]

Contents

In Dark Emu: Black seeds: agriculture or accident?, Pascoe examines the journals and diaries of early explorers such as Charles Sturt and Thomas Mitchell[5] and early settlers in Australia,[1] finding evidence in their accounts of existing agriculture,[6][7] engineering and building, including stone houses, weirs, sluices and fish traps, and also game management.[8][9] This evidence of occupation[10] challenges the traditional views about pre-colonial Australia[11] and "Terra Nullius".[12] The book also gives a description from Sturt's journal of his 1844 encounter with hundreds of Aboriginal people who were living in an established village in what is now Queensland (then part of New South Wales), in which a welcoming party offered him "water, roast duck, cake and a hut to sleep in".[5]

Pascoe discovered that other historians had pursued the same material; one of these was the independent scholar Rupert Gerritsen, who in 2008 published Australia and the Origins of Agriculture,[13] which argued that Aboriginal people were agriculturalists as much as hunter-gatherers. Gerritsen died in 2013, and Pascoe cites him as a scholar who languished in obscurity because his theories contradicted the mainstream view. He said that Gerritsen "should have got all the credit for Dark Emu”. Pascoe also drew on the work of historian Bill Gammage, author of The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia (2012), which looked at how Aboriginal people used fire, dams and cropping to support themselves sustainably in their environment.[5][14]

Pascoe also cites the work of Dr Heather Builth and colleague Professor Peter Kershaw, noted palynologist at Monash University,[15][16] with reference to their research into the extensive aquaculture and farming of short-finned eels (kooyang) practised by the Gunditjmara people of western Victoria, dated by Kershaw as 8,000 years BP.[17] (Evidence of the dams, weirs and stone dwellings are now protected under several layers of legislation, including a large area being on the World Heritage List as the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape since 2019.[18][19])

In the last pages of Dark Emu, Pascoe says that Australia could learn from Indigenous culture and landcare, replacing wheat with native grasses and eating kangaroo rather than cattle, a message he continues to drive home in his public appearances.[5]

Pascoe's friend, writer Gregory Day, thinks that the success of the book lies in its ability to connect with "whitefellas", in a sense, translating it for this audience.[5]

Critical reception

The book received critical acclaim, winning two NSW Premier's Literary Awards (Book of the Year and the Indigenous Writers' Prize)[8] and being shortlisted for two other prizes (the History Book Award in the Queensland Literary Awards and Victorian Premier's Award for Indigenous Writing),[1] as well as mainstream recognition.[20][14][5] It was reviewd by three Australian teachers' assocations,[21] earned positive reviews in other media,[22][23] and, with the highest number of nominations by members of the public, was chosen to be the first book discussed in the inaugural meeting of the Parliamentary Book Club.[24][25] By May 2019 it had sold more than 100,000 copies and was in its 28th printing.[5] There is an audiobook and ebook version,[26] and a new edition was published in 2018.[27]

Gammage, whose work was built upon in Dark Emu, praised Pascoe’s storytelling gift of weaving a narrative that challenges many readers' preconceptions, and says that he is a big fan of the book because of its impact, but added that Pascoe sometimes romanticises pre-contact Indigenous society, and says that his claims that Stone Age Indigenous people invented democracy and baking may be "push[ing] these things too far".[5]

Lynette Russell, at Monash University's Indigenous Studies Centre and co-author of Australia's First Naturalists: Indigenous Peoples’ Contribution to Early Zoology,[28] admired Dark Emu's achievement in popularising ideas that challenged European Australians' cultural preconceptions.[5] She said that it had managed to promulgate more widely "information about indigenous land management practices that archaeologists have known for a long time".[29]

Tony Hughes-D'Aeth, a researcher in cultural history at the University of Western Australia and , said that Dark Emu "provides the most concerted attempt [yet] to answer the question about the quality of the country...in the pre-colonial epoch", and that the book's strengths lie in "its ability to bridge archaeology, anthropology, archival history, Indigenous oral tradition and other more esoteric but highly revealing disciplines such as ethnobotany and paleoecology".[14]

The book has also received criticism. One criticism by academics has been of Pascoe's claim that since 1880 there has been an academic suppression of alternative historical accounts about Aboriginal peoples' housing, farming and cultivation practices. Peter Hiscock, chair of archaeology at Sydney University, archaeologist Harry Lourandos, who documented the construction of eel traps in Victoria in the 1970s, and Ian McNiven of Monash University's Indigenous Studies Centre all agree that there is a large body of published work on the topic. However, Lourandos and McNiven are delighted at the book's success in reaching the broader public.[5]

Academic responses

Several academic critiques have specifically addressed the debate surrounding Dark Emu's thesis that Indigenous Australian society was largely built on sedentary agriculture rather than hunting and gathering. Anthropologist Ian Keen argued in Anthropological Forum against Pascoe's thesis that Indigenous Australians practised agriculture. He concluded that "Aboriginal people were indeed hunters, gatherers and fishers at the time of the British colonisation of Australia", although acknowledging "the boundary between foraging and farming is a fuzzy one".[30]

In their 2021 rebuttal Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers? The Dark Emu Debate, anthropologist Peter Sutton and archaeologist Keryn Walshe state that Dark Emu is "littered with unsourced material, is poorly researched, distorts and exaggerates many points, selectively emphasises evidence to suit those opinions, and ignores large bodies of information that do not support the author's opinions".[31] They state Dark Emu is "actualy not, properly considered, a work of scholarship" and that "its success as a narrative has been achieved in spite of its failure as an account of fact".[31][32]

Archaeologist Michael Westaway considers Dark Emu in relation to the archaeological research in the Channel Country in Central Australia which has identified more than 140 sandstone quarry sites including the largest seed grinding quarry site in Australia, the remains of pit dwelling huts known as gunyahs and evidence of trade with other communities as far away as Mount Isa.[33][34] The area is on trade routes used by First Nations people.[35] The Mithaka Aboriginal Corporation, representing the native title owners, has published a framework to support culturally sensitive and ethical research in the area.[36][37]

Awards and accolades

Adaptations

See also

References

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Pascoe, Bruce (2014), Dark emu : black seeds : agriculture or accident?, Magabala Books, ISBN 978-1-922142-43-6
  2. ^ Pascoe, Bruce (1 June 2018). Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture. Magabala Books. ISBN 9781921248016.
  3. ^ Pascoe, Bruce (2019). Young Dark Emu: A Truer History. Magabala. ISBN 9781925360844. Retrieved 20 December2019.
  4. ^ "Adelaide Festival Awards for Literature". State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Guilliatt, Richard (25 May 2019). "Turning history on its head". The Australian. Weekend Australian Magazine. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  6. ^ Hughes-D'Aeth, Tony (15 June 2018). "Friday essay: Dark Emu and the blindness of Australian agriculture". The Conversation. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  7. ^ Davis, Michael (2014). "Review of Dark Emu, Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident". Aboriginal History. 38: 195–198. ISSN 0314-8769. JSTOR 43687015.
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Allam, Lorena (23 May 2019). "Dark Emu's infinite potential: 'Our kids have grown up in a fog about the history of the land'". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  9. ^ "Reading Bruce Pascoe | Tom Griffiths". Inside Story. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  10. ^ Smale, Hilary; Mills, Vanessa (17 March 2014). "Dark Emu argues against 'Hunter Gatherer' history of Indigenous Australians". ABC Kimberley Radio. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  11. ^ Elliott, David (25 February 2019). "Book Review: Dark Emu". The Socialist. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  12. ^ Mazengarb, Michael (28 April 2019). "Review: Dark Emu — How do we reckon with Australia's timeless history?". Medium. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  13. ^ Gerritsen, Rupert (2008). Australia and the Origins of Agriculture. Volume 1874 of British Archaeological Reports British Series; Bar S; BAR international series. Archaeopress. ISBN 9781407303543.
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b c Hughes-D'Aeth, Tony (15 June 2018). "Friday essay: Dark Emu and the blindness of Australian agriculture". The Conversation. Retrieved 17 November 2019. [Pascoe's] cards are on the table, but this does not mean that he is not a rigorous and exacting judge of the historical record.
  15. ^ Kershaw, Peter (17 August 2012). "Fifty years of Quaternary palynology in Australia". Ecological Society of Australia. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  16. ^ "Peter Kershaw". Google Scholar citations. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  17. ^ Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture Or Accident?. Magabala Books. 2014. pp. 84–86. ISBN 9781922142436.
  18. ^ "World heritage Places - Budj Bim Cultural Landscape". Australian Government. Dept of the Environment and Energy. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  19. ^ Neal, Matt. "Ancient Indigenous aquaculture site Budj Bim added to UNESCO World Heritage list". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  20. ^ McQuire, Amy (25 May 2016). "Recognising Sovereignty: Bruce Pascoe's Latest Book A Dark Horse To Lead Battle Over Unfinished Business". New Matilda. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  21. ^ Agora, Nov 2014, Aboriginal History, Dec 2014, Teaching History, Dec 2016, Geographical Education (Online), 2017
  22. ^ Shalvey, Kris (7 September 2016). "Book Review – Dark Emu: Black seeds". South Sydney Herald. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  23. ^ "Dark Emu, by Bruce Pasocoe". Goodreads. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  24. ^ Morris, Linda (17 September 2019). "Bruce Pascoe's Dark Emu is pollies' pick". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  25. ^ Jump up to:a b "Arts news — Federal politicians tasked with reading Bruce Pascoe's Dark Emu". Radio National: The Book Show. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  26. ^ "[Search result for "dark emu black seeds agriculture or accident"]". Worldcat. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  27. ^ "Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture, New Edition". New South Books. Retrieved 20 December2019.
  28. ^ Olsen, Penny; Russell, Lynette (May 2019). Australia's First Naturalists: Indigenous Peoples' Contribution to Early Zoology. National Library of Australia. ISBN 9780642279378.
  29. ^ "Lecture and Book Launch: Australia's first naturalists". Whispering Gums. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  30. ^ Keen, Ian (2021). "Foragers or Farmers: Dark Emu and the Controversy over Aboriginal Agriculture". Anthropological Forum. 31: 106–128. doi:10.1080/00664677.2020.1861538.[page needed]
  31. ^ Jump up to:a b Rintoul, Stuart (12 June 2021). "Debunking Dark Emu: did the publishing phenomenon get it wrong?". Good Weekend. Melbourne. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  32. ^ Chung, Frank (12 June 2021). "Author Bruce Pascoe's best-selling Aboriginal history book Dark Emu 'debunked'". News.com.au. Sydney. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  33. ^ Westaway, Michael; Gorringe, Joshua (18 June 2021). "Friday essay: how our new archaeological research investigates Dark Emu's idea of Aboriginal 'agriculture' and villages". The Conversation. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  34. ^ Westaway, Michael C.; Williams, Douglas; Lowe, Kelsey; Wright, Nathan J.; Kerkhove, Ray; Silcock, Jennifer; Gorringe, Joshua; Miszkiewicz, Justina; Wood, Rachel; Adams, Richard; Manne, Tiina (16 June 2021). "Hidden in plain sight: the archaeological landscape of Mithaka Country, south-west Queensland". Antiquity. first view. doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.31. ISSN 0003-598X. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  35. ^ Mulvaney, D. J. (1976), The Chain of Connection: the Material Evidence, retrieved 18 June 2021
  36. ^ Mithaka Aboriginal Corporation (2017). "Ngali Wanthi Mithaka Aboriginal Corporation Research Framework" (PDF). Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  37. ^ "Mithaka Cultural Mapping". ArcGIS StoryMaps. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  38. ^ "Lucashenko wins 2014 Vic Prem's Literary Award for Indigenous Writing". Books+Publishing. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  39. ^ "Adelaide Festival Awards for Literature". State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  40. ^ "Dark Emu". Bangarra. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  41. ^ Pascoe, Bruce (2019). Young Dark Emu: A Truer History. Magabala. ISBN 9781925360844. Retrieved 20 December2019.
  42. ^ "Dark Emu to be adapted as TV documentary". ArtsHub Australia: ScreenHub. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.

Further reading

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