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Custer Died for Your Sins - Wikipedia

Custer Died for Your Sins - Wikipedia


Custer Died for Your Sins

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Custer Died for Your Sins
Drawing of an eagle holding a colorful tomahawk in its beak
Cover of the first edition
AuthorVine Deloria Jr.
GenreNon-fiction
PublisherMacmillan
Publication date
1969

Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto is a 1969 non-fiction book by the lawyer, professor and writer Vine Deloria Jr. The book was noteworthy for its relevance to the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement and other activist organizations, such as the American Indian Movement, which was beginning to expand. Deloria's book encouraged better use of federal funds aimed at helping Native Americans. Vine Deloria, Jr. presents Native Americans in a humorous light, devoting an entire chapter to Native American humor. Custer Died for Your Sins was significant in its presentation of Native Americans as a people who were able to retain their tribal society and morality, while existing in the modern world.

Content summary

The book consists of eleven essays and is critical of aid organizations, churches, and the US government, for their efforts to "help" Native Americans, which often hinder rather than help progress. Deloria also objects to the efforts of anthropologists to understand Native Americans, devoting millions of dollars to the study of individual tribes that would help the tribes advance. The book advocates Native American religion, and encourages church groups to lay aside their theological differences and help the tribes whose members they sought to convert.

Essays

Indians Today: The Real and the Unreal

Deloria pointed out numerous beliefs and attitudes that affect Native American-White relations. He noted that many whites claim Indian ancestry, usually by a grandmother who was an Indian Princess and wryly noted that tribes were evidently entirely female for the first 300 years of white occupation.[1] The essay lists many other myths about Native Americans.

Laws and Treaties

While noting that U.S. Presidents continually stressed the need to meet its treaty obligations with foreign powers, they have had over 400 treaties with Native American tribes and have yet to meet their obligations on any of them.[1] Deloria saw the Vietnam war as just another example of the lack of integrity in the American government.[1]

The Disastrous Policy of Termination

This chapter covered the termination policy of the 1950s, designed to assimilate tribal members into white society. Deloria believed that this was just another way for whites to obtain Native American land.[1]

Anthropologists and Other Friends

Deloria recommended that Native Americans not cooperate with anthropologists, believing that they exploited Native Americans in order to further their own academic careers. He stated that they compiled useless knowledge and noted that not one anthropologist stepped forward during termination hearings.[1] He stated that "behind each policy and program with which Indians are plagued, if traced completely back to its origin, stands the anthropologist."[2][3]

Missionaries and the Religious Vacuum

The role of Christian churches was also attacked, with Deloria advocating a return to traditional religion and an expansion of the Native American Church.[1]

Government Agencies

Deloria advocated a restructuring of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), with more discretionary funds available to the tribes. He also recommended moving BIA from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Commerce.[1]

Indian Humor

This is the most often quoted section of the book.[1] Deloria noted that humor was a critical aspect of social control in tribal relationships, as an alternate means of pointing out flaws and errors without a direct confrontation that would affect the dignity of the accused.[1] He also noted that humor was an essential part of a tribe's survival, preventing them from going to extremes.[4]

The Red and the Black

Deloria noted the similarities of the oppression of both Native Americans and African Americans, but also pointed out differences between the two. While oppression against African Americans typically excluded them from white society, oppression against Native Americans typically involved the forced inclusion into white society.[5] Deloria believed that this was due to the white desire to appropriate and exploit Native American lands and resources. He also noted that this is one of the reasons that Native Americans did not participate fully in civil rights efforts in the 1960s, believing that the liberals did not understand Native American nationalism.[5]

The Problem of Indian Leadership

Deloria addresses the lack of central leadership of Native Americans and the trouble that has caused. He compares specifically to the number of leaders seen during the Civil Rights' era and laments at the absence of comparable Native figures.

Indians and Modern Society

Deloria uses this chapter as a response to those individuals who believe that Native Americans have no place in modern society as they are, with tribalism as the central point of contention. Deloria argues that tribalism is so inherent to the Native identity that it will one day lead them to do things once thought impossible by “Indian and non-Indian alike”.[6]

A Redefinition of Indian Affairs

In his final chapter Deloria advocates for the end of termination and the start of a new era for American Indians. Deloria reflects the civil rights movement and suggests that it is a spot Natives can find inspiration for their own movement.

Significance

Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto was based on a bumper sticker, and a Native American slogan from the 1960s, "We Shall Overrun." The book was significant at the time of its publication, as the struggle for minority rights was gaining increased attention across the United States. Due to its importance in the Red Power movement, an original copy of the book was displayed in the National Museum of the American Indian's long-term exhibit "Our Lives: Contemporary Life and Identities".[7] The book caused anthropologists to rethink how they approached their studies of Native American tribes.[8] It remains one of the most significant non-fiction books written by a Native American.

References

  1.  Hoilman, Dennis (2010). "Custer Died for Your Sins". Masterplots (4th ed.). Salem Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 9781587655685.
  2.  Deloria Jr., Vine (1969). Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780806121291.
  3.  Ortiz, Alfonzo (August 1971). "Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto by Vine Deloria". American Anthropologist. 73 (4): 953–55. doi:10.1525/aa.1971.73.4.02a01020. ISSN 0002-7294.
  4.  Larson, Sidner (2010). "Tatsey and the Enemy-Friend". American Indian Culture & Research Journal. 34 (4): 91–100. doi:10.17953/aicr.34.4.1nj414634647488v. ISSN 0161-6463.
  5.  Walker, Theodore (Spring–Fall 1999). "The Black and the Red: responding to Sioux and other Native American instructions on Red-Black solidarity". Journal of Religious Thought. 55 (1): 73–86. ISSN 0022-4235.
  6.  Deloria, 241.
  7.  Cobb, Amanda J. (2005). "The National Museum of the American Indian as Cultural Sovereignty". American Quarterly. 57 (2): 499. doi:10.1353/aq.2005.0021. ISSN 0003-0678. JSTOR 40068276. S2CID 143398859.
  8.  Watkins, Joe (June 2006). "'He forced us into the fray': Vine Deloria, Jr. (1933-2005)". Antiquity. 80 (308): 506–07. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00093984. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 163532197.

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Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto

Vine Deloria Jr.

In his new preface to this paperback edition, the author observes, "The Indian world has changed so substantially since the first publication of this book that some things contained in it seem new again." Indeed, it seems that each generation of whites and Indians will have to read and reread Vine Deloria’s Manifesto for some time to come, before we absorb his special, ironic Indian point of view and what he tells us, with a great deal of humor, about U.S. race relations, federal bureaucracies, Christian churches, and social scientists. This book continues to be required reading for all Americans, whatever their special interest.

278 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1969

Literary awards
Anisfield-Wolf Book Award (1970)
Original title
Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto

This edition

Format
278 pages, Paperback
Published
January 1, 1988 by University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN
9780806121291 (ISBN10: 0806121297)
ASIN
0806121297
Language
English

More editions

More information

Book statistics
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About the author

Vine Deloria Jr.

54 books332 followers
Vine Victor Deloria, Jr. was an American Indian author, theologian, historian, and activist. He was widely known for his book Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (1969), which helped generate national attention to Native American issues in the same year as the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement. From 1964–1967, he had served as executive director of the National Congress of American Indians, increasing tribal membership from 19 to 156. Beginning in 1977, he was a board member of the National Museum of the American Indian, which now has buildings in both New York City and Washington, DC.

Deloria began his academic career in 1970 at Western Washington State College at Bellingham, Washington. He became Professor of Political Science at the University of Arizona (1978–1990), where he established the first master's degree program in American Indian Studies in the United States. After ten years at the University of Colorado, Boulder, he returned to Arizona and taught at the School of Law.

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Sejin
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Displaying 1 - 10 of 347 reviews
Profile Image for Traci.
Traci
29 reviews4 followers
June 14, 2013
I read this when I was about 16 and it changed my life. I know that sounds hokey, but this book, "God is Red," and "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee," flipped a switch in my head that I have never wanted to turn off. I was raised by civil rights activists, and my dad was born on an Indian reservation in the Midwest (he is not Indian) so I had some sort of context for what Deloria was talking about...where my dad grew up he said the word "Indian" was like the N word in the south...Deloria lit the fire of Indian Pride, Brown Power and AIM...and while it took me a few more years and a lot of conversations with indigenous friends to decide to spend my life studying indigenous cultures prior to European contact rather than the modern period...these three books are where it all began. P.S. The pre-contact period is easier to manage than the modern history Deloria recounts...I choose the easier context because its so beautiful and less painful...but I will always love an angry brown person and Deloria is at the top of that list.
Profile Image for M. Kei.
M. Kei
Author 65 books63 followers
April 5, 2010
Hilarious and truthful, you never knew history could be this entertaining--and this horrifying. Vine Deloria is a Native American author who explains why American Indians are not quietly vanishing the way conquered people are supposed to. The absolutely horrible things that are still happening to Native Nations in the United States are repetitions and replays of what has been going on for hundreds of years, and if one is gifted with a dark and surrealistic sense of humor, it's incredibly funny, too, in the way that it's funny when you watch somebody crack his nuts on the board when he flubs a dive off the high board. You have to laugh... but ow.

If you want to know more about Native Americans than the highly sanitized and stereotyped images on greeting cards and t-shirt, start here. It's a Must Read Before You Die Book.
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Lyn
2,009 reviews17.6k followers
February 4, 2022
Vine Deloria Jr.’s 1969 manifesto stays relevant half a century after its first publication.

I read the 1988 edition, with an updated preface, and this continues to be a go to book for an illuminating but also frequently humorous tome on race relations, government bureaucracy and first and foremost Native American culture.

The author keeps this sometimes dry recitation of broken treaties and case law moving with personality, wit and some scathing dark comedy. It’s no secret that the United States has not treated our indigenous cousins well, but Deloria explains and examines the result of decades and decades of failed policy with a warmth I did not expect.

And he can be funny.

My favorite chapter is Deloria’s section on Indian humor. He correctly opines that a good way to truly understand a people is to learn what makes them laugh. He goes on to say that the stereotypical image of a scowling savage is far from the truth and that most tribes are filled with people who love to smile and tease each other. This section goes on to describe a wealth of jokes and hilarious anecdotes, the most fun are the ones that make fun of Custer or the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

The title comes from a tongue in cheek bumper sticker.

Another indigenous writer cited this as a first on a short list of books that needed to be read about the North American tribes and I enjoyed learning more and from a talented writer.

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Virginia Arthur
Author 4 books89 followers
June 6, 2020
Recently I read an interview with a Native American academic. The interview, written by a white journalist, was all about the ways Native Americans appreciate the earth, in other words, the kind of bullshit that drove Vine up the wall.

Here we go romanticizing the Indian again.

When I worked as a biologist in Alaska and we went to Tongass, there were sections of Tongass that were clearcut to nothing, including the riparian areas--down to dirt, nothing left. It looked like a nuclear bomb. I thought it was the USFS that did it but it wasn't. It was the native Alaskan tribal corporation that raped the forests on this island. It is the Native Americans that have put heinous and horrible casinos all over San Diego County including one massive hotel and parking lot IN the floodplain of the San Luis Rey River. They destroyed acres and acres of pristine habitat, endangered species. Native American tribes in Montana mine and damage their lands and their relationships with one another--for coal. I had a native American woman in my ecology class a few years ago that talked to me about it. It was tearing the res' apart and still is.

Vine was ahead of his time, ahead of these developments, but he foresaw the inevitable capitalistic conversion of the Native American, and in this book sets us up for it. What our ancestors did was cultural genocide. They wiped out the indigenous people of this continent in the most brutal of ways and now we want to go back and "appreciate" the Indian way only after we stripped the Native Americans of everything they had: their land, their way of life, their language, and yeah, now they are capitalists too. What the hell choice do they really have at this point? Maybe whites need the myth of the "Indian way" for some reason but how fair is this? How dare we hold the Indian to higher standards than we hold ourselves, Vine would say. I had the chance to hear him speak a few times. He had a way too of making us all laugh--at ourselves.

Vine had a huge influence on me. Mention of this book, along with the TMWGang, is in my own novel.

Vine was a Truth Teller.

How I miss our Truth Tellers.
Profile Image for Kaelan Ratcliffe ▪ كايِلان راتكِليف.
Kaelan Ratcliffe ▪ كايِلان راتكِليف
110 reviews
January 27, 2019
I went in looking to understand the Native American, and finished with a greater understanding of the world.

I got something different out of this book that I wasn't expecting. Jane Elliot, the creator of the infamous 'Green Eye / Blue Eye' test (look it up if you on YouTube haven't already, be ready though, it gets rough) has a recommended reading list on her website, and this book was on it. Going in, I wasn't sure what the meat and bone of the book would detail, and I certainly didn't know the nuances of modern Native American culture. On one hand, I had the vague knowledge that Native American culture, above western culture, understands that there is a spiritual aspect to life that transcends monetary value. The earth is not so much ours, so much as WE belong to it. This, along with a few other impactful statements, quotes and general history (thank you Mr. Howard Zinn) had been the extent of my knowledge before being introduced to Vine Deloria Jr .

For anyone reading this, Custer Died for Your Sins will inform you on a number of topics. These range from disseminating the real and unreal perceptions of Native Americans; dismantling the 'The Anthropologist' (laugh out loud chapter); breaking down the Native view on western religion and the missionary situation; understanding the government agencies dealing with the tribes; shedding light on Native humour; contrasting the civil rights movement with the wants and needs of natives; and, last but not least, how Native Americans can move forward from their current situation. However, the most astonishing realisation the reader will have as he/she explores the native world, is how the above mentioned will have the profound ability to make you simultaneously understand the native view, and see your world in a completely different light. I marked the below quote out as an example:

"But the understanding of the racial question does not ulti­mately involve understanding by either blacks or Indians. It in­volves the white man himself. He must examine his past. He must face the problems he has created within himself and within others. The white man must no longer project his fears and in­ securities onto other groups, races, and countries. Before the white man can relate to others he must forego the pleasure of denying them. The white man must learn to stop viewing history as a plot against himself.

It was more than religious intolerance that drove the early colonists across the ocean. More than a thousand years before Columbus, the barbaric tribes destroyed the Roman Empire. With utter lack of grace, they ignorantly obliterated classical civiliza­tion. Christanity swept across the conquerors like the white man later swept across North America, destroying native religions and leaving paralyzed groups of disoriented individuals in its wake. Then the combination of Christian theology, superstition, and forms of the old Roman civil government began to control the tamed barbaric tribes. Gone were the religious rites of the white tribesmen. Only the Gothic arches in the great cathedrals, sym­ bolizing the oaks under which their ancestors worshiped, re­mained to remind them of the glories that had been."

A note on all of the above mentioned topics (especially the final one). It's a shame this book hasn't received an update on the various issues discussed in its pages. Apart from a preface written in 1987 from the author- something I would recommend reading before AND after finishing- there's little more to find that will sate the interest of the reader (believe me, you'll want to know how certain aspects of the communities spoken of are doing now). I do feel this is important specifically to this book (it is a manifesto after all), as I felt at times I was reading something solely stuck in it's time period, with no additional notes added in it's pages. As such, this does make for slower reading as you feel you may be taking in information that actually doesn't hold precedent in the 'now'.

The only other reason this has four stars is due to a disagreement I had with Delorias on the concept of Corporations, and how he believed the infusion of a Native American tribalism could be combined with the concept of the White Mans attempt at tribalism to make Indian lives better. I won't go into detail seeing that as a white male living in London, I really can't judge concepts being thought up by a man 4,477 miles away, who was trying to better the lives of his people, and who, in turn, were very well aquatinted with the difficulties experienced (and still experienced) on a daily basis with the once imported, now mutated capitalist juggernaut that is the United States government. However, I will say that I found it weirdly contradictory that he mentions Native Americans rising again to their former glory (in some form), only to then talk about the above concept, which, to my eyes, seems like a massive compromise on the behalf of the Native American people to take a white concept, and turn it into something good for the original people of the American land. Another discussion for another time I think.

However, this will not ruin the effect this book will have on the reader, and you will come out a better person for having opened it.

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Steven Yenzer
908 reviews1 follower
November 17, 2013
Meandering and often vague. Along with the wit, there is a heavy dose of theory, which is not particularly compelling. I learned a lot about Indian culture, but I also learned that white culture either doesn't exist or is founded on violence and exploitation.

A good chunk of the book is taken up with Deloria Jr.'s elevation of Indian culture above white (and specifically, American culture). For him, there is little (really, nothing) wrong with Indian culture, which is infinitely wise, holistic, and eternal. On the other hand, America and American culture are meaningless and have accomplished nothing.

It's not that I mind criticism of America — I just mind it when it isn't based on facts and history but rather, theory and ideology. Deloria Jr. essentially declares himself arbiter of culture and philosophy, with the power to crown Indian culture as the greatest of all human cultures in history.

Along with this is his less-than-subtle, somewhat prophetic declarations that Indians will one day drive whites out of America and retake their land. Again, I don't have a problem with the sentiment. But it's the "evidence" Deloria Jr. uses to back it up that is problematic. For example, he cites the restoration of Israel to the Jews as evidence that, like them, Indians will eventually retake their homeland. Not only is this an obviously fallacious argument, but it also relies upon "white culture's" artificial creation of Israel.

So the violent, destructive, possibly non-existent culture seems to have produced at least one thing upon which Deloria Jr. can hang his hat — Zionism.
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Gina
Author 5 books31 followers
April 10, 2012
My feelings are very mixed on this book. Deloria is an interesting thinker, and his view of how the future would work out, and his contemporary situation was interesting. His scathing humor was often enjoyable, including his section on anthropologists. At the same time, I disagree with much of what he says, especially his feelings about separatism and certainly his characterization of whites. Certainly he had reasons for feeling that way, but prejudice towards the majority isn't exactly more commendable than prejudice towards the minority. I suppose its wholesome to see how being prejudged based on your color feels every now and then.

At times I would think that the book is now outdated, which would make it less important, but some of his points are still very relevant. Definitely not everyone's cup of tea.
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Kusaimamekirai
715 reviews272 followers
March 2, 2018
I don’t think that many would argue that the United States has repeatedly and violently suppressed and lied to Native Americans over hundreds of years. Land was stolen, treaties were broken and even to this day Native American land is still expropriated and exploited. The question is for any group with this history, what are you going to do about it? Treaties that were broken aren’t going to be retroactively honored. Land that was stolen isn’t going to be given back. So what are you going to do about it?
Reading Vine Deloris’s “Custer Died for Your Sins”, I didn’t get any sense that there was any real ideas about what needed to be done to right historical wrongs. He cites a litany of injustice and seems slightly envious of other minority groups such as African Americans who organised and saw some advancement during the the 1960’s when this book was written. He criticises the March on Washington and the Poor People’s March as being pointless so he keeps his people at home and chooses not to participate. But surely being there and the visibility it would have given the issues he discussed would’ve been more productive than staying at home and sulking? He argues that demonstrating for middle class rights from the White Power structure is meaningless because Native Americans don’t want any part of the White world. They are as he writes, nationalists:

"As nationalists, Indians could not, for the most part, care less what the rest of society does. They are interested in the progress of the tribe."

When he sees a few young Native Americans at the Poor People’s March on TV discussing Native fishing rights, he is dismissive of them. But why? Surely raising awareness of this issue, a vital one to the Native American community, can only be a positive rather than retreating into isolation.
Indicative of this isolation is his support for Barry Goldwater. He writes:

“Politically, most minority groups have shifted to the Democrats and remained loyal through thick and thin. Margins compiled by blacks, Indians, and Mexicans for Democratic candidates have been incredible. In 1964 it took a strong Indian to support Goldwater in spite of his publicized heroic flights to the Navajo and his superb collection of Hopi Kachina dolls.”

Leaving aside the bizarre idea that because Goldwater collects Hopi dolls he would be sympathetic to Native issues, he supports Goldwater because unlike LBJ, he won’t make unpredictable changes, good or bad, to Native American policy. It’s such shortsighted and almost selfish attitude of not caring what the War on Poverty might do for Black, Hispanic, or other minority groups in the cities. We don’t live in the city so screw everyone else. It’s all well and good to argue that your land was stolen and trying to get that land back from the thief is outrageous and demeaning. But what is the alternative?
Delorias’s whole argument seems to be “leave us alone”. Which is fine. But then he is highly critical that the federal government doesn’t do enough to provide money to the reservations. In an ideal world yes, the government would give you money with zero oversight and never interfere. But we didn’t live in an ideal world in 1968 and we don’t live in one now. You can accept federal money and accept that there will be some input as to how it’s spent, or you can eschew all funds and go on your own. You can’t have it both ways.
Ultimately that was what I found frustrating about this book. He is sarcastic about the feds abandoning Native Americans on one hand, then sarcastic about just wanting them to go away. There are some interesting chapters here on history which I enjoyed and found interesting, but the mental gymnastics and inconsistencies in his arguments are frustrating and ultimately extremely short sighted.
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Kurt
689 reviews95 followers
November 15, 2021
I remember seeing this book when I was a youngster. It was published in 1969 when I was 10 years old, and I remember thinking that the title was sort of sacrilegious or disrespectful -- and I remember being very curious about it.

Since that time I have read dozens of books about Indian history. It's become a subject I am very interested in. One time while I was reading an enthralling account of red vs. white warfare I even felt an overwhelming intuition that in a previous life I was, in the flesh, a certain valiant warrior who had fought victoriously in several battles only to die a hero's death while defending his family and his people in their final armed struggle. I have always admired and respected those Indians in the past who stood up to the aggression of those who sought to take away their lands and their way of life. Likewise, I admire those Native Americans and other indigenous people all over the world today who fight the ongoing battles for their people and their culture.

Custer Died For Your Sins details the plight of Native Americans in the modern day -- describing how the same governments and agencies that defrauded them and forced them out of their native lands and stole or destroyed their resources years ago continue to plunder them today.

While meticulous in its detail and accuracy, the book seemed unnecessarily heavy handed to me. The author seemed to want to offend or pick a fight with all white people regardless of their sympathies or philosophies. The book was also quite dated. A lot has happened in the past 50 years that would possibly add to the author's complaints in some ways or alleviate them in other ways. But even though this book was quite educational, it was just not very enjoyable or interesting to me.


Cheyenne
29 reviews20 followers
Read
July 29, 2019
I picked up this book at the home of my aunt right before taking a week long beach vacation. The same aunt gave me Deloria's God Is Red for my birthday, and I hadn't read it yet, so I figured this might be a good primer before taking on the other book.
Deloria hits the nail on the head with a lot of things in this book. The Indian Humor. The rise of traditional religions. With his scathing sarcasm, his voice radiates off of the page. He also gets a lot of things wrong, however, in a way that almost made me want to stop reading several times.
His treatment of "black militants" and the Black Power movement in general leaves something to be desired. Do I understand what he's saying? Yes. It's not that I don't get it, it's that I don't think we should use words like "ape" when discussing the way black people in the 1960s attempted to gain rights and recognition in the settler state. Additionally, I don't think the corporate mindset is good for indigenous communities. Yes, holding property in common while keeping personal property is good. Yes, working towards the greater good of the community is good. But I think the word Deloria was looking for and was probably adverse to using during the time the book was written was something along the lines of communism. I disagree with his capitalistic outlook on how tribes can advance themselves, especially when it's coupled with his own knowledge that Indians tend to be removed from US politics and economy. In but not of the settler state. Why dive headfirst into settler economy if the goal is recolonization and eventually a red North American continent?
Deloria contradicts himself quite a few times, but the book was still a good read. I finished Nick Estes' Our History is the Future the same day I started this book, so I was primed for the talk of treaty rights, especially with regard to the making and breaking of specific treaties, as well as talk of Task Force reports, that the average reader may not be prepared for. Even with my qualms, I think I will still read Deloria's other works, especially considering how large of an impact he has had on so-called Indian Affairs.
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